{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:29:40Z","timestamp":1763058580727,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling (3D-PCASL) MRI and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) have been applied to detect ocular blood flow (BF). We aim to characterize the ocular BF in diabetic retinopathy (DR) using 3D-PCASL and OCTA, to discuss the relationship between ocular and cerebral BF, and to evaluate their potential utility to assess the severity of DR.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 66 participants (132 eyes) were included. Seventy-two eyes were classified in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group, and 60 were in the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy NPDR group. Ocular and cerebral BF values were detected by 3D-PCASL using a 3.0T MRI scanner with two post-labeling delays (PLDs). Vessel density (VD)\/perfusion density (PD) of the macular or peripapillary area were detected by OCTA. Parameters and clinical characteristics were compared between the PDR and NPDR eyes utilizing two-sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests and chi-square tests. Spearman's rank correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the factors' role in DR severity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The perfusions of the retinal\/choroidal plexus (RCP), optic nerve head (ONH)\/optic nerve (ON), and VD\/PD of macular\/peripapillary area in the PDR group were significantly lower compared to the NPDR group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). They were protective factors for PDR [ORs = 0.842 for RCP (1.5 s PLD), 0.910 for ONH (1.5 s PLD), 0.905 for ON (both 1.5 and 2.5 s PLD), 0.707 for macular VD, 0.652 for peripapillary VD, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, respectively]. Ocular BF had a positive correlation with BF of the occipital lobe (OL) and temporal lobe (TL) in the cerebrum. The BF of RCP (lower than 7.825 mL\/min\/100 g at 1.5 s PLD) indicated PDR [areas under the curve (AUCs) = 0.682, 95% CI: 0.588\u20130.777, sensitivity: 70.7% specificity: 63.9%]. The AUC of RCP (PLD = 1.5 s) BF combined with peripapillary VD was 0.841 (95% CI: 0.588\u20130.777, sensitivity: 75.9% specificity: 82.9%).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> 3D-pcASL and OCTA may be effective non-invasive methods to measure ocular blood flow in DR patients and assess the severity of DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.682708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T05:40:04Z","timestamp":1622785204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-invasive Diagnosis and Prognosis Values of 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yanli","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenchang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global 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