{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T21:37:44Z","timestamp":1768426664881,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The nail unit (NU) is a complex structure that performs a number of functions, including protection, defense, manipulation, and palpation. Non-invasive research methods can facilitate the recognition of NU structure and function. Evaporimetry and HF-USG due to their availability of equipment and low research costs seem to be particularly noteworthy, but so far have been assessed to a limited extent. The aim of the presented study was to check the usefulness of TOWL and HF-USG in examination of NU.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 58 volunteers aged 25\u201365 years (mean age: 41 \u00b1 10.16 years) were qualified for the study. The subjects did not present symptoms of clinically evident onychopathy and did not suffer from any dermatoses associated with lesions occurring within the NU. Additionally, the patients did not suffer from systemic diseases that could affect NU (including heart, lung, and endocrine diseases). In all volunteers, the measurement of TOWL and 20 MHz ultrasonography [high-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG)] with the special emphasis on determination of nail plate thickness were performed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Analysis of 464 HF-USG images revealed that the nail plate presented as two hyperechoic, parallel streaks (railway sign) with a linear hypoechoic middle layer between them. Matrix was visualized as a hypoechoic structure with blurred boundaries, mostly within the fourth and fifth fingers and more often in women. We found statistically significant correlations between the type of a finger and the thickness of the nail plate both in the entire study group and taking into account gender. In the dominant hand, the results were <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.341; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.417, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.337; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001 (for the whole group, for women, and for men, respectively). In the non-dominant hand, the results were <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.465; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.493, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01; and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.503; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01 (for the whole group, for women, and for men, respectively). There were statistically significant differences in the thickness of the nail plates of the corresponding types of fingers between female and male NUs. Statistically significant correlations were found between the type of a finger and the TOWL value in the whole group and taking into account gender (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), except for the non-dominant hand in men. There were no statistically significant differences in the TOWL values of the corresponding types of fingers between male and female NUs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the TOWL value and the nail plate thickness in any of the tested NUs, apart from the one statistically significant correlation in nd5 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.390, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.021).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> To sum up, non-invasive methods, such as HF-USG and TOWL, enable assessment of the NU and are useful in examination of its structure and function. HF-USG shows characteristic elements of NUs that can be distinguished because of differences in their echogenicity. The thickness of the nail plate and TOWL depend on the type of finger, and show a relationship with gender.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.686470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T05:43:28Z","timestamp":1623649408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High-Frequency Ultrasonography and Evaporimetry in Non-invasive Evaluation of the Nail Unit"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Szymoniak-Lipska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Pola\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Jenerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Lipski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"\u017baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zygmunt","family":"Adamski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Da\u0144czak-Pazdrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2007.00372.x","article-title":"Nail biology and nail science","volume":"29","author":"de Berker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000029869","article-title":"Nail cosmetics and esthetics","volume":"12","author":"Rich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2048","article-title":"The impact of nail disorders on quality of life","volume":"23","author":"Belyayeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.12.009","article-title":"Pathology of the nail unit","volume":"39","author":"Ruben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.12.014","article-title":"Management of nail psoriasis","volume":"39","author":"Rigopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb15511.x","article-title":"Transonychial water loss: relation to sex, age and nail-plate thickness","volume":"121","author":"Jemec","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions. 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