{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:25:59Z","timestamp":1780590359369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Relapsing polychondritis is an immune disorder of unknown etiology involving multiple systems that is characterized by persistent inflammation and destruction of cartilage, including the ears, nose, costal, joint, and airways. Airway involvement caused by relapsing polychondritis is common, and tracheobronchomalacia is the most serious complication, which is life-threatening. Currently, the exact mechanism of relapsing polychondritis with tracheobronchomalacia is unknown. Although glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents are administered, failures often occur. Currently, bronchoscopy-guided intervention therapy used in tracheobronchomalacia caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other etiology has gradually increased, but bronchoscopy-guided intervention therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation assist used in tracheobronchomalacia caused by relapsing polychondritis has not been reported. Here, we report a case of relapsing polychondritis with severe tracheobronchomalacia. Although drug therapy was provided and airway stent implantation was performed, the tracheal stenosis was further aggravated. Because conventional anesthesia and mechanical ventilation cannot meet the needs of bronchoscopy-guided intervention therapy or guarantee sufficient safety. The intervention treatment was performed with the support of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, which was successfully completed without obvious complications. The symptoms were significantly improved, and the patient was discharged uneventfully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.695505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T11:56:55Z","timestamp":1638273415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bronchoscopy-Guided Intervention Therapy With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Relapsing Polychondritis With Severe Tracheobronchomalacia: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuantao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2014205036","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205036","article-title":"Critical airway involvement in relapsing polychondritis","volume":"2014","author":"Gorard","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2010.07.001","article-title":"Tracheobronchomalacia in adults","volume":"22","author":"Gangadharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3182203342","article-title":"Tracheobronchomalacia: current concepts and controversies","volume":"26","author":"Ridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19488","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019488","article-title":"Bronchoscopy-guided intervention therapy with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for advanced cancer metastasis to the central airway: a case report","volume":"99","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41270","article-title":"Defining clinical subgroups in relapsing polychondritis: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Ferrada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.026","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of relapsing polychondritis","author":"Cantarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20587384211000547","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211000547","article-title":"Comparison of relapsing polychondritis patients with and without central nervous system involvement: a retrospective study of 181 patients","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S142892","article-title":"Refractory relapsing polychondritis: challenges and solutions","volume":"10","author":"Lekpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1180","article-title":"Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement","volume":"135","author":"Ernst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00170","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00170-2020","article-title":"Respiratory subtype of relapsing polychondritis frequently presents as difficult asthma: a descriptive study of respiratory involvement in relapsing polychondritis with 13 patients from a single UK centre","volume":"7","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2008.11.007","article-title":"Multidetector CT evaluation of tracheobronchomalacia","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2401050562","article-title":"Relapsing polychondritis: prevalence of expiratory CT airway abnormalities","volume":"240","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.85.4.476","article-title":"Physiologic correlates of airway collapse in chronic airflow obstruction","volume":"85","author":"Healy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2556","article-title":"Central airway mechanics and flow limitation in acquired tracheobronchomalacia","volume":"131","author":"Loring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150695","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150695","article-title":"(18)F-FDG PET-CT: a powerful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of relapsing polychondritis","volume":"89","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8778-16","article-title":"Sudden respiratory failure due to tracheobronchomalacia by relapsing polychondritis, successfully rescued by multiple metallic stenting and tracheostomy","volume":"56","author":"Oryoji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.5.1419","article-title":"Performance of a self-expanding silicone stent in palliation of benign airway conditions","volume":"130","author":"Gildea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050313X19832164","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19832164","article-title":"A case of tracheobronchomalacia due to relapsing polychondritis treated with Montgomery T-tube","volume":"7","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-3051","article-title":"Central airway stabilization for tracheobronchomalacia improves quality of life in patients with COPD","volume":"140","author":"Ernst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0b013e31825c6f57","article-title":"Dynamic Y stent fractures in crescentic tracheobronchomalacia","volume":"19","author":"Popilevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.02.039","article-title":"Long-term outcome of metallic stenting for central airway involvement in relapsing polychondritis","volume":"108","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000346","article-title":"our experience on silicone Y-stent for severe COPD complicated with expiratory central airway collapse","volume":"24","author":"Ozgul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2018.07.003","article-title":"Born to be alive: new frontiers and challenges in cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"21","author":"Sorbello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Anaesth Crit Care."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000347","article-title":"The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the bronchoscopic management of critical upper airway obstruction","volume":"24","author":"Natt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E54","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.26","article-title":"Flexible bronchoscopic excision of a tracheal mass under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70413-7","article-title":"Bilateral tension pneumothorax and tension pneumoperitoneum secondary to tracheal tear in a patient with relapsing polychondritis","volume":"72","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/s1010-7940(05)80148-4","article-title":"Esophageal tracheobronchoplasty for membranous laceration caused by insertion of a dumon stent\u2013maintenance of oxygenation by percutaneous cardiopulmonary support","volume":"9","author":"Niwa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2013.07.016","article-title":"From relapsing polychondritis to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"146","author":"Mitilian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1002","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.09.110","article-title":"Use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a case of tracheal injury repair in a patient with severe relapsing polychondritis","volume":"9","author":"Laliberte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.09.054","article-title":"Anticoagulation and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: impact of activated clotting time and heparin dose on survival","volume":"83","author":"Baird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.02.014","article-title":"Anticoagulation practices and the prevalence of major bleeding, thromboembolic events, and mortality in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Sy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.23736\/S0031-0808.18.03565-6","article-title":"Competences in bronchoscopy for Intensive Care Unit, anesthesiology, thoracic surgery and lung transplantation","volume":"61","author":"Solidoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.695505\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T11:56:59Z","timestamp":1638273419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.695505\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.695505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.695505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"article-number":"695505"}}