{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:35:15Z","timestamp":1791992115603,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008523","name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Non-infectious uveitis is a leading cause of vision loss in the developed world. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of non-infectious uveitis over the last 50 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A systematic literature search of Pubmed\/MEDLINE database was performed in the 50-year period from January 1971 to January 2021, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies that assessed the epidemiology and risk factors for non-infectious uveitis were included.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Few epidemiologic studies focus specifically on non-infectious uveitis. In the Unites States, the estimated prevalence of non-infectious uveitis is 121\/100,000. The incidence and prevalence varies considerably worldwide. Females and the working age group (20\u201350 years) appear to be the most affected. Smoking and vitamin D deficiency are the biggest risk factors for non-infectious uveitis, while pregnancy appears to be protective. Additional risk factors include presence of other autoimmune diseases (thyroid disease, diabetes, celiac), pre-eclampsia\/eclampsia, psychological stress, and certain medications (bisphosphonates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, female hormone therapy, and etanercept).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our systematic review summarizes the incidence and prevalence of non-infectious uveitis and associated modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.695904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:59:31Z","timestamp":1631235571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Epidemiology and Risk Factors in Non-infectious Uveitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Joltikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Marie","family":"Lobo-Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332","article-title":"Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease","volume":"80","author":"Rothova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.037226","article-title":"Degree, duration, and causes of visual loss in uveitis","volume":"88","author":"Durrani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.06.004","article-title":"New observations and emerging ideas in diagnosis and management of non-infectious uveitis: a review","volume":"49","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.3.137","article-title":"Uveitis and systemic disease","volume":"76","author":"Rothova","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1196713","article-title":"A focus on the epidemiology of uveitis","volume":"26","author":"Tsirouki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.014","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; 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