{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:57:40Z","timestamp":1753891060274,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To determine the association of myopia with peripapillary and macular microvasculature in eyes with type 2 diabetes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR) were recruited and grouped according to myopic status in this cross-sectional study. Axial length, refractive error, and OCTA parameters were measured. OCTA parameters were analyzed with adjustment of confounding factors and further Bonferroni analysis was performed to determine the differences in multiple group comparisons.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared with the diabetic eyes without myopia, those with myopia had lower rate of DR (21.82 vs. 35.90%, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 6.190, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.013), longer axial lengths (24.94 \u00b1 0.75 vs. 23.16 \u00b1 0.64, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> = 311.055, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and reduced whole vessel density (VD) of optic nerve head (ONH) (45.89 \u00b1 5.76 vs. 49.14 \u00b1 4.33, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> = 19.052, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), peripapillary VD (48.75 \u00b1 6.56 vs. 50.76 \u00b1 4.51, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> = 7.600, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006), and reduced thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) (95.50 \u00b1 12.35 vs. 100.67 \u00b1 13.68, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> = 5.020, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026). In eyes without myopia, the superficial vessel density (SVD) (46.58 \u00b1 4.90 vs. 43.01 \u00b1 4.25; 95% CI, 1.80\u20134.61; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), deep vessel density (DVD) (45.64 \u00b1 6.34 vs. 42.15 \u00b1 6.31; 95% CI, 1.07\u20135.00; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and FD300 area density (50.31 \u00b1 5.74 vs. 44.95 \u00b1 6.96; 95% CI, 2.88\u20137.27; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were significant reduced in eyes with DR(DR eyes) comparing to those without DR (NoDR eyes). In eyes with myopia, only SVD were significantly reduced in DR eyes comparing to NoDR eyes (41.68 \u00b1 3.34 vs. 45.99 \u00b1 4.17; 95% CI, 1.10\u20137.22; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). In NoDR eyes, both whole VD of ONH and Peripapillary VD demonstrated a significant decrease in eyes with myopia comparing to those without myopia (49.91 \u00b1 4.36 vs. 45.61 \u00b1 6.32; 95% CI, 1.95\u20136.27; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 and 51.36 \u00b1 4.24 vs. 48.52 \u00b1 6.99; 95% CI, 0.56\u20135.11; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006, respectively).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> In diabetic patients, myopic eyes exhibited lower prevalence of DR and thinner thickness of RNFL. The refractive status could possibly impact the retinal microvascular changes from NoDR to DR stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.715074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T05:55:41Z","timestamp":1633067741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Myopia With Microvascular Alterations in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuane","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12654","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011","volume":"54","author":"Jee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31353-4","article-title":"Ocular factors in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"101","author":"Moss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.241","article-title":"Modifying factors related to asymmetric diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Dogru","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.10.020","article-title":"Myopia and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.47","article-title":"Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia","volume":"30","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.033","article-title":"Association between optic nerve head deformation and retinal microvasculature in high myopia","volume":"188","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.199844","article-title":"Reduced macular vascular density in myopic eyes","volume":"130","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Med J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0438-7","article-title":"Association between retinal microvasculature and optic disc alterations in high myopia","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1607393","article-title":"Influence of axial length on parafoveal and peripapillary metrics from swept source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"44","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18901","article-title":"Linking retinal microvasculature features with severity of diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"57","author":"Bhanushali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4103\/jovr.jovr_57_18","article-title":"An update on optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Khadamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01288-8","article-title":"Do microvascular changes occur preceding neural impairment in early-stage diabetic retinopathy? 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