{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:12:47Z","timestamp":1790518367362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> A previous study has shown that 81% of the COVID-19 patients had mild or moderate symptoms. However, most studies on the sequelae in COVID-19 patients focused on severe cases and the long-term follow-up studies on the health consequences in non-severe cases are limited. The current study aimed to assess the sequelae of COVID-19 in patients nearly 1 year after diagnosis with a particular focus on the recovery of patients with non-severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We enrolled 120 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 discharged from Wuhan Union hospital west district (designated hospital for COVID-19) and Fangcang shelter hospitals between January 29, 2020 and April 1, 2020. All participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires to assess their symptoms and quality of life and for psychological evaluation. Also, pulmonary function test, chest CT, 6-min walking test (6MWT), routine blood test, liver and kidney function tests, fasting blood glucose test, lipid test, and immunoglobulin G antibody test were performed to evaluate their health.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The mean age of the study population was 51.6 \u00b1 10.8 years. Of the 120 patients, 104 (86.7%) were cases of non-severe COVID-19. The follow-up study was performed between November 23, 2020 and January 11, 2021, and the median time between the diagnosis and the follow-up was 314.5 (IQR, 296\u2013338) days. Sleep difficulties, shortness of breath, fatigue, and joint pain were common symptoms observed during follow-up and nearly one-third of the non-severe cases had these symptoms. A total of 50 (41.7%) and 45 (37.5%) patients reported anxiety and depression, respectively. And 18.3% of the patients showed negative results in the IgG test at the follow-up, which correlated with the severity of the infection (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> = 0.203, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026), and the proportion of IgG negative cases in non-severe COVID-19 patients was higher than that in the severe cases (20.2 vs. 6.3%). Pulmonary diffusion impairment was reported in 30 (26.1%) out of 115 patients, and 24 (24.2%) out of the 99 non-severe cases. The values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FVC\/FEV1, vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), and residual volume (RV) were less than the normal range in 1.7, 8.6, 0.9, 11.2, 7.0, and 0.9% of the patients, respectively. A total of 55 (56.7%) out of the 97 patients showed abnormal CT findings, including ground-glass opacities (GGO), bronchiectasis, nodules, lines and bands, and fibrosis. Furthermore, there was a correlation between all the SF-36-domain scores and the duration of hospitalization, pulmonary function, and a 6MWT.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> At the nearly 1-year follow-up, COVID-19 survivors still had multi-system issues, including those in the respiratory functioning, radiography, quality of life, and anxiety and depression. Moreover, non-severe cases also showed some sequelae and the proportion of IgG negative cases in the non-severe patients was higher than that in severe cases. Therefore, conducting follow-ups and preventing the reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in this group is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.717194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T11:58:30Z","timestamp":1638273510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Assessment of Sequelae of COVID-19 Nearly 1 Year After Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luorui","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangtao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoke","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-192020"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak Situation"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30701-5","article-title":"Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs","volume":"20","author":"Yelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003448","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03448-2020","article-title":"Dyspnoea, lung function and CT findings 3 months after hospital admission for COVID-19","volume":"57","author":"Lerum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32656-8","article-title":"6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1089","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1750","article-title":"Comprehensive health assessment three months after recovery from acute COVID-19","volume":"73","author":"van","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2036142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142","article-title":"Respiratory and psychophysical sequelae among patients with COVID-19 four months after hospital discharge","volume":"4","author":"Bellan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01429-6","article-title":"Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1393","article-title":"1-year pulmonary function and health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"128","author":"Ong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00174-0","article-title":"3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684864","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.684864","article-title":"Antibodies can last for more than 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a follow-up study from survivors of COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Fibrotic interstitial lung abnormalities at 1-year follow-up CT after severe COVID-19","volume-title":"Radiology.","author":"Han","year":"2021"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.05.034","article-title":"Follow-up study of pulmonary function among COVID-19 survivors 1 year after recovery","volume":"83","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the chinese center for disease control and prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.02.062","article-title":"Pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of critical COVID-19: a 3-month prospective cohort","volume":"160","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"N. HChinese Clinical Guidance for COVID-19 Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea","volume":"93","author":"Mahler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","article-title":"The assessment of anxiety states by rating","volume":"32","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3760\/j:issn:0253-9624.2002.02.011","article-title":"Development and psychometric tests of a Chinese version of the SF-36 Health Survey Scales","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","article-title":"American Thoracic Society","volume":"152","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11061354","article-title":"References values for forced spirometry. Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey","volume":"11","author":"Roca","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","author":"ATS","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06817-6","article-title":"CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80261-w","article-title":"A novel deep learning-based quantification of serial chest computed tomography in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.384","article-title":"Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up","volume":"169","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2247","article-title":"The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors","volume":"128","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.6.2119","article-title":"Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge","volume":"127","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-00113-1","article-title":"Long-term bone and lung consequences associated with hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 15-year follow-up from a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.03.029","article-title":"Patterns and prediction of liver injury with persistent cholestasis in survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"82","author":"Nayagam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610300","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610300","article-title":"Different innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection of asymptomatic, mild, and severe cases","volume":"11","author":"Carsetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1086\/500469","article-title":"Two-year prospective study of the humoral immune response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"193","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.717194\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T11:58:35Z","timestamp":1638273515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.717194\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.717194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.717194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"article-number":"717194"}}