{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:57:02Z","timestamp":1792601822283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>Placido disk-based corneal topography is still most commonly used in daily practice. This study was aimed to evaluate the diagnosability of keratoconus using deep learning of a color-coded map with Placido disk-based corneal topography.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>We retrospectively examined 179 keratoconic eyes [Grade 1 (54 eyes), 2 (52 eyes), 3 (23 eyes), and 4 (50 eyes), according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification], and 170 age-matched healthy eyes, with good quality images of corneal topography measured with a Placido disk corneal topographer (TMS-4<jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>, Tomey). Using deep learning of a color-coded map, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, for keratoconus screening and staging tests, in these eyes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Deep learning of color-coded maps exhibited an accuracy of 0.966 (sensitivity 0.988, specificity 0.944) in discriminating keratoconus from normal eyes. It also exhibited an accuracy of 0.785 (0.911 for Grade 1, 0.868 for Grade 2, 0.920 for Grade 3, and 0.905 for Grade 4) in classifying the stage. The area under the curve value was 0.997, 0.955, 0.899, 0.888, and 0.943 as Grade 0 (normal) to 4 grading tests, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>Deep learning using color-coded maps with conventional corneal topography effectively distinguishes between keratoconus and normal eyes and classifies the grade of the disease, indicating that this will become an aid for enhancing the diagnosis and staging ability of keratoconus in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.724902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1633323664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Diagnosability of Keratoconus Using Deep Learning With Placido Disk-Based Corneal Topography"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Ayatsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosai","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Miyata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e031313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031313","article-title":"Keratoconus 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Technol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.01.018","article-title":"Multidisease deep learning neural network for the diagnosis of corneal diseases","volume":"226","author":"Elsawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3079430","article-title":"KerNet: a novel deep learning approach for keratoconus and sub-clinical keratoconus detection based on raw data of the pentacam system","volume-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","author":"Feng","year":"2021"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000824","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000824","article-title":"Keratoconus detection of changes using deep learning of colour-coded maps","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0B013E31823D1EE0","article-title":"Correlation of corneal elevation with severity of keratoconus by means of anterior and posterior topographic analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ishii","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304132","article-title":"Evaluation of corneal elevation, pachymetry and keratometry in keratoconic eyes with respect to the stage of Amsler-Krumeich classification","volume":"98","author":"Kamiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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