{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:57:11Z","timestamp":1790456231856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infections are common diseases causing tremendous deaths in clinical settings. It has been a big challenge to human beings because of the antibiotics abuse and the newly emerging microbes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a reactive oxygen species-based therapeutic technique through light-activated photosensitizer (PS). Recent studies have highlighted the potential of PDT as an alternative method of antibacterial treatment for its broad applicability and high efficiency. However, there are some shortcomings due to the low selectivity and specificity of PS. Growing evidence has shown that drug delivery nanoplatforms have unique advantages in enhancing therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Particularly, stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms, as a promising delivery system, provide great opportunities for the effective delivery of PS. In the present mini-review, we briefly introduced the unique microenvironment in bacterial infection tissues and the application of PDT on bacterial infections. Then we review the stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms (including pH-, enzymes-, redox-, magnetic-, and electric-) used in PDT against bacterial infections. Lastly, some perspectives have also been proposed to further promote the future developments of antibacterial PDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.729300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T04:37:46Z","timestamp":1631507866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Stimuli-Responsive Nanoplatform-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy Against Bacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"You","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenmin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulan","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31891-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present and future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin MicrobiolI."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2018.05.006","article-title":"Emergence of Global Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"45","author":"Morehead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations\n            O'NeillJ\n          Rev Antimicrobal Resist.2016"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Munita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.05.006","article-title":"Polymicrobial-host interactions during infection","volume":"428","author":"Tay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.2.6","article-title":"Review of new insights into antimicrobial agents","volume":"63","author":"Dehghan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900608","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900608","article-title":"Rejuvenated photodynamic therapy for bacterial infections","volume":"8","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2018.1519029","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Drug Target."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb10030034","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive drug release from smart polymers","volume":"10","author":"Wells","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513504218","article-title":"The exopolysaccharide matrix: a virulence determinant of cariogenic biofilm","volume":"92","author":"Koo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dent Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517736497","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies targeting cariogenic biofilm microenvironment","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0014","article-title":"Targeted, triggered drug delivery to tumor and biofilm microenvironments","volume":"11","author":"Benoit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18015","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18015","article-title":"The well-coordinated linkage between acidogenicity and aciduricity via insoluble glucans on the surface of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2020.188","article-title":"Bacterial virulence factors and their contribution to pathophysiology after thermal injury","volume":"22","author":"Nisar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Infect."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(85)90103-1","article-title":"The pathogenesis of acne","volume":"13","author":"Knor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-230","article-title":"Proteomic identification of secreted proteins of Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"10","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.40-48.2006","article-title":"Role of hyaluronidase in subcutaneous spread and growth of group A streptococcus","volume":"74","author":"Starr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13140","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b02382","article-title":"Electrical evaluation of bacterial virulence factors using nanopores","volume":"11","author":"Escosura-Muniz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00781-16","article-title":"Bacterial hyaluronidase promotes ascending GBS infection and preterm birth","volume":"7","author":"Vornhagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00280-X","article-title":"Microbial metalloproteases and pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000668","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in ocular surface disorders","volume":"46","author":"Jamerson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2045-2051.2004","article-title":"Role for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein in a glutathione response to bronchopulmonary pseudomonas infection","volume":"72","author":"Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(14)60024-2","article-title":"Inflammatory response of macrophages in infection","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2015.1010441","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and infection","volume":"26","author":"Jenne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plateles."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13872","article-title":"Streptococci and the complement system: interplay during infection, inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"594","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8159562","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8159562","article-title":"Oxidative stress in microbial diseases: pathogen, host, and therapeutics","volume":"2019","author":"Novaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1560","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1560","article-title":"Recent advances in photodynamic therapy for cancer and infectious diseases","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02071.x","article-title":"Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation","volume":"54","author":"Foote","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.59","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: finding the effective targets","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.09.007","article-title":"Molecular targets of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy identified by a proteomic approach","volume":"77","author":"Dosselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Proteomics."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8548","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8548","article-title":"Identification of carbonylated proteins in a bactericidal process induced by curcumin with blue light irradiation on imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090214","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy may promote periodontal healing through multiple mechanisms","volume":"80","author":"Braham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Periodontol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0455531","article-title":"Time-resolved investigations of singlet oxygen luminescence in water, in phosphatidylcholine, and in aqueous suspensions of phosphatidylcholine or HT29 cells","volume":"109","author":"Baier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611328104","article-title":"The role of singlet oxygen and oxygen concentration in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria","volume":"104","author":"Maisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039823","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy can induce a protective innate immune response against murine bacterial arthritis via neutrophil accumulation","volume":"7","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-323","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase is upregulated in Staphylococcus aureus following protoporphyrin-mediated photodynamic inactivation and does not directly influence the response to photodynamic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Nakonieczna","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1987-5","article-title":"Association between susceptibility to photodynamic oxidation and the genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"33","author":"Rapacka-Zdonczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01299","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to control clinically relevant biofilm infections","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2007.11.002","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of photodynamic inactivation against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus is strain-dependent","volume":"90","author":"Grinholc","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642609","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.642609","article-title":"Factors determining the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial photodynamic inactivation","volume":"8","author":"Rapacka-Zdonczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000543","article-title":"Response to photo-oxidative stress of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mutants impaired in different functions","volume":"163","author":"Orlandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.04.021","article-title":"Changes of microbial cell survival, metabolic activity, efflux capacity, and quorum sensing ability of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans due to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy-induced bystander effects","volume":"26","author":"Mahdizade-Ari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6937","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S212807","article-title":"Novel nanomaterial-based antibacterial photodynamic therapies to combat oral bacterial biofilms and infectious diseases","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3776","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Mura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Mater."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1903880","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903880","article-title":"Synergistic chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy of endophthalmitis mediated by zeolitic imidazolate framework-based drug delivery systems","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.06.022","article-title":"Lethal photosensitisation of bacteria using silica-TBO nanoconjugates","volume":"510","author":"Perni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloid Surface A."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2020.100354","article-title":"Bacterial infection microenvironment sensitive prodrug micelles with enhanced photodynamic activities for infection control","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42922","article-title":"pH responsive superporogen combined with PDT based on poly Ce6 ionic liquid grafted on SiO2 for combating MRSA biofilm infection","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120598","article-title":"AIEgens for microbial detection and antimicrobial therapy","volume":"268","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10754","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02272A","article-title":"White light-triggered zwitterionic polymer nanoparticles based on an AIE-active photosensitizer for photodynamic antimicrobial therapy","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903018","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201903018","article-title":"Porphyrin MOF dots-based, function -adaptive nanoplatform for enhanced penetration and photodynamic eradication of bacterial biofilms","volume":"29","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.08.043","article-title":"High-resolution bimodal imaging and potent antibiotic\/photodynamic synergistic therapy for osteomyelitis with a bacterial inflammation-specific versatile agent","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9426453","DOI":"10.34133\/2020\/9426453","article-title":"Biofilm microenvironment-responsive nanotheranostics for dual-mode imaging and hypoxia-relief-enhanced photodynamic therapy of bacterial infections","volume":"2020","author":"Xiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.07.009","article-title":"Combined photodynamic and antibiotic therapy for skin disorder via lipase-sensitive liposomes with enhanced antimicrobial performance","volume":"141","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600815","article-title":"Lipase-sensitive transfersomes based on photosensitizer\/polymerizable lipid conjugate for selective antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of acne","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110230","article-title":"Evaluation of hypocrellin A-loaded lipase sensitive polymer micelles for intervening methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection","volume":"106","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.09.014","article-title":"Biofilm microenvironment activated supramolecular nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy of bacterial keratitis","volume":"327","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Releas."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM00406A","article-title":"Hyaluronidase-responsive phototheranostic nanoagents for fluorescence imaging and photothermal\/photodynamic therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"9","author":"Yuwen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01485","article-title":"Hyperbranched polyglycerol loaded with (zinc-)porphyrins: photosensitizer release under reductive and acidic conditions for improved photodynamic therapy","volume":"19","author":"Staegemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1706831","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706831","article-title":"Metal-organic-framework-assisted in vivo bacterial metabolic labeling and precise antibacterial therapy","volume":"30","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061117","article-title":"Endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems for programmed site-specific release","volume":"24","author":"Raza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.38069","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery, tumor imaging, therapy and theranostics","volume":"10","author":"Mi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.12.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles having amphiphilic silane containingChlorin e6 with strong anti-biofilm activity against periodontitis-related pathogens","volume":"81","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1021\/am403567k","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoplatforms for targeted multidrug-resistant-bacteria theranostic applications","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.12.052","article-title":"Photophysicochemical behaviour and antimicrobial properties of monocarboxy Mg (II) and Al (III) phthalocyanine-magnetite conjugates","volume":"193","author":"Idowu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc17766h","article-title":"Photosensitizer and vancomycin-conjugated novel multifunctional magnetic particles as photoinactivation agents for selective killing of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.05.007","article-title":"Versatile Chlorin e6-based magnetic polydopamine nanoparticles for effectively capturing and killing MRSA","volume":"218","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.011","article-title":"Electrically-responsive anti-adherent hydrogels for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy","volume":"114","author":"Fallows","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00866-8","article-title":"Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Kirtane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.729300\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T04:37:51Z","timestamp":1631507871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.729300\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.729300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.729300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"article-number":"729300"}}