{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:08:00Z","timestamp":1779350880893,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Talaromycosis is a fatal opportunistic infection prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, previous studies suggest environmental humidity is associated with monthly talaromycosis hospitalizations of HIV-infected patients, but the acute risk factor remains uncertain. In this study, we evaluated the associations between talaromycosis hospitalizations of HIV-infected patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 919) and environmental factors including meteorological variables and air pollutants at the event day (assumed \u201clag 0\u201d since the exact infection date is hard to ascertain) and 1\u20137 days prior to event day (lag 1\u2013lag 7) in conditional logistics regression models based on a case crossover design. We found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in temperature at lag 0\u2013lag 7 (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI] ranged from 1.748 [1.345\u20132.273] to 2.184 [1.672\u20132.854]), and an IQR increase in humidity at lag 0 (OR [95% CI] = 1.192 [1.052\u20131.350]), and lag 1 (OR [95% CI] = 1.199 [1.056\u20131.361]) were significantly associated with talaromycosis hospitalizations of HIV-infected patients. Besides, temperature was also a common predictor for talaromycosis in patients with co-infections including candidiasis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 386), <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 183), pulmonary tuberculosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 141), and chronic hepatitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 158), while humidity was a specific risk factor for talaromycosis in patients with candidiasis, and an air pollutant, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, was a specific risk factor for talaromycosis in patients with <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia. In an age stratified evaluation (cutoff = 50 years old), temperature was the only variable positively associated with talaromycosis in both younger and older patients. These findings broaden our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of talaromycosis in HIV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.731188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T05:29:00Z","timestamp":1637558940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Environmental Risk Factors for Talaromycosis Hospitalizations of HIV-Infected Patients in Guangzhou, China: Case Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yaping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91287-4","article-title":"Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in southeast Asia","volume":"344","author":"Supparatpinyo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.95-110.2006","article-title":"Penicillium marneffei infection and recent advances in the epidemiology and molecular biology aspects","volume":"19","author":"Vanittanakom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9577-0","article-title":"Penicillium marneffei infection: an emerging disease in mainland China","volume":"175","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130376","article-title":"A clinical study of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated Penicillium Marneffei infection from a non-endemic area in China","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2006.00039.x","article-title":"Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an HIV-positive Italian patient and a review of cases reported outside endemic regions","volume":"13","author":"Antinori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Travel Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-506","article-title":"First observation in a non-endemic country (Togo) of Penicillium marneffei infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Patassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"[Penicillium marneffei infection and AIDS. A review of 12 cases reported in the Tropical Diseases Centre, Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)]14953\n            HuynhTX\n            NguyenHC\n            Dinh NguyenHM\n            DoMT\n            Odermatt-BiaysS\n            DegremontA\n          14693474Sante.132003"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00410-2","article-title":"Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) Due to Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei: insights into the clinical trends of a major fungal disease 60 years after the discovery of the pathogen","volume":"184","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.018","article-title":"Effects of Talaromyces marneffei infection on mortality of HIV\/AIDS patients in southern China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30303-1","article-title":"Fungal infections in HIV\/AIDS","volume":"17","author":"Limper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-9-24","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of Penicillium marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients in northern Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Larsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir028","article-title":"Epidemiology, seasonality, and predictors of outcome of AIDS-associated Penicillium marneffei infection in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12275","article-title":"Role of Rhizomys pruinosus as a natural animal host of Penicillium marneffei in Guangdong, China","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.100718","article-title":"Common reservoirs for Penicillium marneffei infection in humans and rodents, China","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1086\/513649","article-title":"Case-control study of risk factors for Penicillium marneffei infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northern Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Chariyalertsak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit058","article-title":"Environmental predictors and incubation period of AIDS-associated Penicillium marneffei infection in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","volume":"56","author":"Bulterys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis841","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for Pneumocystis pneumonia hospitalizations in HIV patients","volume":"56","author":"Djawe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l6258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6258","article-title":"Short term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospital admission risks and costs in the Medicare population: time stratified, case crossover study","volume":"367","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B19","unstructured":""},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853","article-title":"The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events","volume":"133","author":"Maclure","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200103000-00010","article-title":"Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0520-4","article-title":"Ambient air pollution is associated with pediatric pneumonia: a time-stratified case-crossover study in an urban area","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002506","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002506","article-title":"Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution is preferentially associated with the risk of ST-segment elevation acute coronary events","volume":"4","author":"Pope","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2013.853337","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for pneumonia in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan","volume":"77","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12063","article-title":"HIV and co-infections","volume":"254","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.128","article-title":"Pathogenesis of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection","volume":"16","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":""},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"WeiW\n            HeJ\n            NingC\n            XuB\n            LaiJ\n            JiangJ\n          Maxent modeling for Predicting the Potential Distribution of Global Talaromycosis [Preprint]"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i4.10","article-title":"Risk factors for candida infection of the genital tract in the tropics","volume":"14","author":"Dou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww078","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and mortality in susceptible subgroups: a multisite case-crossover analysis of individual effect modifiers","volume":"184","author":"Alessandrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201804-0614ED","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory infection: an emerging and troubling association","volume":"198","author":"Grigg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7607-2","article-title":"The short-term effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Jinan, China","volume":"19","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109343","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of tuberculosis outpatient visits: a time-series study in Hefei, China","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Pollut."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1883OC","article-title":"Short-term elevation of fine particulate matter air pollution and acute lower respiratory infection","volume":"198","author":"Horne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201706-495OC","article-title":"Short-term air pollution and incident pneumonia. A case-crossover study","volume":"15","author":"Pirozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.11.001","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM2.5 air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.731188\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T05:29:13Z","timestamp":1637558953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.731188\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.731188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.731188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"article-number":"731188"}}