{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:46:48Z","timestamp":1792432008946,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Galectins, a family of \u03b2-galactoside-binding proteins, are related to the development and progression of various human diseases such as cancer, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. However, its role in liver diseases is unclear.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs were pooled to evaluate the association of the galectins with the outcomes and risk of liver diseases by a random effects model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Thirty three studies involving 43 cohorts and 4,168 patients with liver diseases were included. In the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), high expression of galectin-1 and -3 in the tissues was significantly associated with worse overall survival (galectin-1: HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.61\u20132.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; galectin-3: HR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.62\u20136.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and positive vascular invasion (galectin-1: OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.18\u20132.58, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005; galectin-3: OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.58\u20135.60, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001); but, high expression of galectin-4 and \u22129 in the tissues was significantly associated with better overall survival (galectin-4: HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36\u20130.79, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002; galectin-9: HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44\u20130.71, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and negative vascular invasion (galectin-4: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.19\u20130.72, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003; galectin-9: OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.37\u20130.97, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.037). Serum galectin-3 level was significantly higher in HCC (MD = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.79\u20134.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), liver failure (MD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23\u20130.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), liver cirrhosis (MD = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.15\u20132.51, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and chronic active hepatitis B (MD = 18.95, 95% CI = 10.91\u201327.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001); serum galectin-9 level was significantly higher in HCC (MD = 3.74, 95% CI = 2.57\u20134.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and autoimmune hepatitis (MD = 8.80, 95% CI = 7.61\u20139.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> High galectin-1 and -3 and low galectin-4 and -9 expression indicate worse outcomes of patients with HCC. Serum galectin-3 and -9 levels are positively associated with the risk of chronic liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.744518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1635313482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Role of Galectins in the Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and 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