{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:17:09Z","timestamp":1785550629856,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To study the differences in clinical characteristics, risk factors, and complications across age-groups among the inpatients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> In this population-based retrospective study, we included all the positive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at Wuhan City from December 29, 2019 to April 15, 2020, during the first pandemic wave. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the risk factors for death from COVID-19. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was performed to study the associations between comorbidities and complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> There are 36,358 patients in the final cohort, of whom 2,492 (6.85%) died. Greater age (odds ration [<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>] = 1.061 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.057\u20131.065], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), male gender (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.726 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.582\u20131.885], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), alcohol consumption (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.558 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.355\u20131.786], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), smoking (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.326 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.055\u20131.652], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014), hypertension (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.175 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.067\u20131.293], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), diabetes (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.258 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.118\u20131.413], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), cancer (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.86 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.507\u20132.279], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.745 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.427\u20132.12], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.96 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.323\u20132.846], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) were independent risk factors for death from COVID-19. Patients aged 40\u201380 years make up the majority of the whole patients, and them had similar risk factors with the whole patients. For patients aged &amp;lt;40 years, only cancer (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 17.112 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 6.264\u201339.73], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and ICH (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 31.538 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 5.213\u2013158.787], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of death. For patients aged &amp;gt;80 years, only age (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.033 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.008\u20131.059], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) and male gender (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.585 [95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.301\u20131.933], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were associated with higher odds of death. The incidence of most complications increases with age, but arrhythmias, gastrointestinal bleeding, and sepsis were more common in younger deceased patients with COVID-19, with only arrhythmia reaching statistical difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.039). We found a relatively poor correlation between preexisting risk factors and complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Coronavirus disease 2019 are disproportionally affected by age for its clinical manifestations, risk factors, complications, and outcomes. Prior complications have little effect on the incidence of extrapulmonary complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.757459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T04:39:48Z","timestamp":1641875988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Age-Related Risk Factors and Complications of Patients With COVID-19: A Population-Based Retrospective 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