{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:27:50Z","timestamp":1789043270883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Endoscopic primary bile reflux is one of the main diagnostic criteria for bile reflux gastritis (BRG). Presently, the risk factors and prediction models of endoscopic primary bile reflux (EPBR) in gastropathy patients who cannot or will not undergo endoscopy due to contraindications are not clear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of EPBR and to establish and verify a prediction model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A series of 844 patients (564 subjects with EPBR and 280 control subjects) were retrospectively selected for this study and divided into a training set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 591) and a validation set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 253) according to the usual ratio of 70:30% for the subsequent internal validation of the logistic regression model for EPBR. Fifteen parameters that might affect the occurrence of EPBR were collected. Subsequently, univariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were introduced to reveal the risk factors and the multivariate prediction model. An R package was dedicated to the corresponding internal validation of the EPBR model.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The univariate analysis showed that gender, age, smoking, Helicobacter pylori (<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>) infection status, metabolic syndrome (MS), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use history, and previous medical histories of chronic liver diseases, cholelithiasis, and erosive gastritis were statistically significant between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Multivariate regression described that being a male [OR (95%confidence interval (CI)) = 2.29 (1.50\u20133.50), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], age\u226545 years old [OR (95% CI) = 4.24 (2.59\u20136.96), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection status [OR (95% CI) = 2.34 (1.37\u20134.01), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002], MS [OR (95% CI) = 3.14 (1.77\u20135.54), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], NSAIDs use history [OR (95% CI) = 1.87 (1.03\u20133.40), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04], cholelithiasis history [OR (95% CI) = 3.95 (2.18\u20137.18), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001] and erosive gastritis history [OR (95% CI) = 6.77 (3.73\u201312.29), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001] were the risk factors for the occurrence of EPBR. Based on the results of these risk factors, an EPBR prediction model with an adequate calibration and excellent discrimination was established [area under the curve (AUC): 0.839, 95% CI = 0.806\u20130.872].<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Being a male, age \u2265 45 years old, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection, histories of MS, NSAIDs use, cholelithiasis, and erosive gastritis appear to be the risk factors for EPBR, and our favorable prediction model might be an option for the prediction of EPBR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.758771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1636530954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Analysis of Risk Factors and Establishment of a Prediction Model for Endoscopic Primary Bile Reflux: A Single-Center Retrospective 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