{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:44:54Z","timestamp":1781934294906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X-linked neuroectodermal dysplasia affecting multiple organs. One of its most significant ophthalmic manifestations is retinal neovascularization due to retinal ischemia, which has been traditionally treated with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy. The application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported for the treatment of retinopathy of IP with beneficial results. However, clinicians should be aware of the possible ocular and systemic side effects of the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Case Report:<\/jats:bold> A 4-month-old female infant with IP was treated with intravitreal injection of conbercept in both eyes. However, cotton-wool spots were noticed in the left eye 1 week after the injection. Laser photocoagulation was performed as an adjunct treatment. The cotton-wool spots were absorbed 1 month after the first intravitreal injection and have eventually disappeared.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> The cotton-wool spots, after intravitreal injection of conbercept for the treatment of IP, indicated severe retinal ischemia resulting from the neutralization of excessive VEGF, which was shown on fundus photograph and fluorescent angiography. Anti-VEGF agents could cause retinal arteriolar vasoconstriction and artery occlusion on rare occasions. The administration of anti-VEGF agents in pediatric cases with severe neovascularization and retinal ischemia should be carefully considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.761398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1640064352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Case Report: A Case of Cotton-Wool Spots After Intravitreal Injection of Conbercept in an Infant With Incontinentia Pigmenti"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Licong","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiliu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochong","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/35013114","article-title":"Genomic rearrangement in NEMO impairs NF-KAPPAB activation and is a cause of incontinentia pigmenti","volume":"405","author":"Smahi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31422-3","article-title":"Retinal and other manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome)","volume":"100","author":"Goldberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.9.1163","article-title":"Clinical study of 40 cases of incontinentia pigmenti","volume":"139","author":"Hadj-Rabia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078003348.x","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti","volume":"78","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2001.117098","article-title":"Laser photocoagulation in preproliferative retinopathy of incontinentia pigmenti","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Aapos."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.22","article-title":"Extended follow-up of treated and untreated retinopathy in incontinentia pigmenti analysis of peripheral vascular changes and incidence of retinal detachment","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181cd4942","article-title":"Regression of retinal neovascularization after laser photocoagulation in incontinentia pigmenti","volume":"30","author":"Ranchod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina J Retinal Vitreous Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.6.377","article-title":"Early diagnosis of the retinopathy of incontinentia-pigmenti - 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