{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:56:23Z","timestamp":1790402183560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Cirrhosis is a common chronic liver disease characterized by irreversible diffuse liver damage. Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis and metabolite dysfunction contribute to the development of cirrhosis. Lactitol (4-\u03b2-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucitol) was previously reported to promote the growth of intestinal <jats:italic>Bifidobacteria<\/jats:italic>. However, the effect of lactitol on the intestinal microbiome and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) and the interactions among these factors in cirrhotic patients pre- and post-lactitol treatment remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Here, using shotgun metagenomics and targeted metabolomics methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> we found that health-promoting lactic acid bacteria, including <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum, B.pseudocatenulatum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>, were increased after lactitol intervention, and significant decrease of pathogen <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic> and associated antibiotic resistant genes \/virulence factors. Functionally, pathways including Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, endotoxin biosynthesis, and horizontal transfer of pathogenic genes were decreased in cirrhotic patients after 4-week lactitol intervention compared with before treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> We identified lactitol-associated metagenomic changes, and provide insight into the understanding of the roles of lactitol in modulating gut microbiome in cirrhotic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.762930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T06:07:36Z","timestamp":1634191656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lactitol Supplementation Modulates Intestinal Microbiome in Liver Cirrhotic 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