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Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> genetic engineering has recently shown remarkable potential as a novel effective treatment for an ever-growing number of diseases, as also witnessed by the recent marketing authorization of several <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> gene therapy products. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> genetic engineering comprises both viral vector-mediated gene transfer and the more recently developed genome\/epigenome editing strategies, as long as they are directly administered to patients. Here we first review the most advanced <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> gene therapies that are commercially available or in clinical development. We then highlight the major challenges to be overcome to fully and broadly exploit <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> gene therapies as novel medicines, discussing some of the approaches that are being taken to address them, with a focus on the nervous system and liver taken as paradigmatic examples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.774618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T04:58:50Z","timestamp":1642481930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In vivo Gene Therapy to the Liver and Nervous System: Promises and 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