{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:13:23Z","timestamp":1762956803595,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia may require a variety of non-pharmacological strategies in addition to oxygen therapy to avoid endotracheal intubation. The response to all these strategies, which include high nasal flow, continuous positive pressure, non-invasive ventilation, or even prone positioning in awake patients, can be highly variable depending on the predominant phenotypic involvement. Deciding when to replace conventional oxygen therapy with non-invasive respiratory support, which to choose, the role of combined methods, definitions, and attitudes toward treatment failure, and improved case improvement procedures are directly relevant clinical questions for the daily care of critically ill COVID-19 patients. The experience accumulated after more than a year of the pandemic should lead to developing recommendations that give answers to all these questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.788190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T05:11:15Z","timestamp":1641273075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non-invasive Respiratory Support in COVID-19: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Manel","family":"Luj\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sayas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Mediano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Egea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00439-6","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"398","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103455","article-title":"Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19","volume":"279","author":"Robba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06281-2","article-title":"Physiological and quantitative CT-scan characterization of COVID-19 and typical ARDS: a matched cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Chiumello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2521LE","article-title":"On happy hypoxia and on sadly ignored \u201cacute vascular distress syndrome\u201d in patients with COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Jounieaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02972-w","article-title":"Severe Covid-19 disease: rather AVDS than ARDS?","volume":"24","author":"Mahjoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2157CP","article-title":"Why COVID-19 silent hypoxemia is baffling to physicians","volume":"202","author":"Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200277","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2020200277","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"2","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200301-072OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"168","author":"Ferrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040622320920106","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622320920106","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy as an emerging option for respiratory failure: the present and the future","volume":"11","author":"Spicuzza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Lond Engl."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201606-1306OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study","volume":"195","author":"Bellani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","article-title":"High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"372","author":"Frat","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.24920\/003724","article-title":"Expert recommendations for tracheal intubation in critically ill patients with Noval Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"35","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15054","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for managing the airway in patients with COVID-19: guidelines from the Difficult Airway Society, the Association of Anaesthetists the Intensive Care Society, the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal College of Anaesthetists","volume":"75","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1582LE","article-title":"High respiratory drive and excessive respiratory efforts predict relapse of respiratory failure in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Esnault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30367-4","article-title":"Hypoxaemia related to COVID-19: vascular and perfusion abnormalities on dual-energy CT","volume":"20","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03697-0","article-title":"Noninvasive respiratory support outside the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure related to coronavirus-19 disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cammarota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03540-6","article-title":"Effect of timing of intubation on clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Papoutsi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03194-w","article-title":"International variation in the management of severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"24","author":"Azoulay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S279031","article-title":"Global current practices of ventilatory support management in COVID-19 patients: an international survey","volume":"13","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2512OC","article-title":"Early inspiratory effort assessment by esophageal manometry predicts noninvasive ventilation outcome in de novo respiratory failure. A pilot study","volume":"202","author":"Tonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medine.2020.03.002","article-title":"Clinical consensus recommendations regarding non-invasive respiratory support in the adult patient with acute respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Cinesi G\u00f3mez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000632","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00632-2020","article-title":"Early consensus management for non-ICU acute respiratory failure SARS-CoV-2 emergency in Italy: from ward to trenches","volume":"55","author":"Vitacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002130","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02130-2020","article-title":"Feasibility and clinical impact of out-of-ICU noninvasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia","volume":"56","author":"Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1159\/000509104","article-title":"Position paper for the state-of-the-art application of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"NHS England Speciality Guide: Guidance for the Role Use of Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in Adult Patients With COVID- 19 (confirmed or suspected) Med Aware Serv n.d"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.04.013","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and non invasive respiratory management: Every Goliath needs a David. An evidence based evaluation of problems","volume":"26","author":"Winck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"S0025","article-title":"Benefits of early use of high-flow-nasal-cannula (HFNC) in patients with COVID-19 associated pneumonia","volume":"2021","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pere\u00f1a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Clin."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15801","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203224","article-title":"Course of illness and outcomes in older COVID-19 patients treated with HFNC: a retrospective analysis","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging."},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"High-flow nasal therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial (The COVID-HIGH Trial)\n            CortegianiA\n            CrimiC\n          2021"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"An adaptive randomized controlled trial of non-invasive respiratory strategies in acute respiratory failure patients with COVID-19\n            PerkinsGD\n            JiC\n            ConnollyBA\n            CouperK\n            LallR\n            BaillieJK\n          10.1101\/2021.08.02.21261379medRxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4682","article-title":"Effect of helmet noninvasive ventilation vs. high-flow nasal oxygen on days free of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: the HENIVOT randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Grieco","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.005","article-title":"Non-invasive respiratory support paths in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: proposal of an algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Winck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03754.x","article-title":"The \u201cfixed performance\u201d venturi: effect of downstream pressure on outflow and FIO2","volume":"59","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-0916OC","article-title":"Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"195","author":"Mauri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0382-4","article-title":"Effect of inspired oxygen fraction on alveolar derecruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Aboab","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0849OC","article-title":"The association between supraphysiologic arterial oxygen levels and mortality in critically ill patients. A multicenter observational cohort study","volume":"200","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03491-y","article-title":"Expert consensus statements for the management of COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure using a Delphi method","volume":"25","author":"Nasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-2007LE","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula in critically iii patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Demoule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5","article-title":"High flow nasal oxygen therapy to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001154","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01154-2020","article-title":"High-flow nasal oxygen: a safe, efficient treatment for COVID-19 patients not in an ICU","volume":"56","author":"Guy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132783","article-title":"Role of non-invasive respiratory supports in COVID-19 acute respiratory failure patients with do not intubate orders","volume":"10","author":"Medrinal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163515","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula oxygenation in older patients with SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory failure","volume":"10","author":"Hacquin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001379","article-title":"Failure of noninvasive ventilation for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: role of tidal volume","volume":"44","author":"Carteaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001692","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01692-2020","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure to avoid intubation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a two-period retrospective case-control study","volume":"56","author":"Oranger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244857","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244857","article-title":"The role of CPAP as a potential bridge to invasive ventilation and as a ceiling-of-care for patients hospitalized with Covid-19-An observational study","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101122","article-title":"Conventional oxygen therapy versus CPAP as a ceiling of care in ward-based patients with COVID-19: a multi-centre cohort evaluation","volume":"2021","author":"Bradley","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03502-y","article-title":"Helmet CPAP to treat hypoxic pneumonia outside the ICU: an observational study during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"25","author":"Coppadoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202008-1080OC","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilatory support of patients with COVID-19 outside the intensive care units (WARd-COVID)","volume":"18","author":"Bellani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000907","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-000907","article-title":"CPAP delivered outside critical care during the second wave of COVID-19: outcomes from a UK respiratory surge unit","volume":"8","author":"Nightingale","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001935","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01935-2020","article-title":"Helmet CPAP treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicentre cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Aliberti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01593-5","article-title":"Role of respiratory intermediate care units during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Matute-Villac\u00eds","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.opresp.2020.10.002","article-title":"Adaptaci\u00f3n de los servicios de neumolog\u00eda frente a la COVID-19: el papel de las unidades de cuidados respiratorios intermedios en Espa\u00f1a","volume":"2","author":"Caballero-Eraso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Respir Arch."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240645","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240645","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Alviset","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13964","article-title":"Predictors of CPAP outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"25","author":"Noeman-Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002524","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02524-2020","article-title":"Continuous positive airway pressure in Covid-19 patients with moderate-to-severe respiratory failure","volume":"57","author":"Brusasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.007","article-title":"Mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with non-invasive respiratory support: a rapid review","volume":"65","author":"Radovanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106481","article-title":"Effects of non-invasive respiratory support on gas exchange and outcomes in COVID-19 outside the ICU","volume":"185","author":"Gough","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03580-y","article-title":"Implications of early respiratory support strategies on disease progression in critical COVID-19: a matched subanalysis of the prospective RISC-19-ICU cohort","volume":"25","author":"Wendel Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-216904","article-title":"RAND appropriateness panel to determine the applicability of UK guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other strategies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09162","article-title":"Combined non-invasive respiratory support therapies to treat SARS-CoV-2 patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"66","author":"Colaianni-Alfonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Care."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0540-9","article-title":"Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Papazian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.07.008","article-title":"Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing nonintubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Scaravilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30268-X","article-title":"Feasibility and physiological effects of prone positioning in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (PRON-COVID): a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Coppo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100265","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00265-2021","article-title":"Awake prone positioning and oxygen therapy in patients with COVID-19: the APRONOX study","volume":"2021","author":"Perez-Nieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-600(21)00356-8","article-title":"Awake prone positioning for COVID-19 acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, multinational, open-label meta-trial","volume":"9","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7861","article-title":"Respiratory parameters in patients with COVID-19 after using noninvasive ventilation in the prone position outside the intensive care unit","volume":"323","author":"Sartini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-209744","article-title":"Prone positioning in patients treated with non-invasive ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia in an Italian emergency department","volume":"37","author":"Bastoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med J EMJ."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202104-0915LE","article-title":"Rodin's thinker: an alternative position in awake COVID-19 patients","volume":"204","author":"Coppo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0589OC","article-title":"An index combining respiratory rate and oxygenation to predict outcome of nasal high flow therapy","volume":"199","author":"Roca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08631","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula therapy in COVID-19: using the ROX index to predict success","volume":"66","author":"Chandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Care."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06177-1","article-title":"Contributors Prediction of outcome of nasal high flow use during COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"46","author":"Zucman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.04.003","article-title":"COVID-19 Pneumonia and ROX index: time to set a new threshold for patients admitted outside the ICU","author":"Vega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1079","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004558","article-title":"High-flow nasal oxygen in Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06199-9","article-title":"Monitoring of high-flow nasal cannula for SARS-CoV-2 severe pneumonia: less is more, better look at respiratory rate","volume":"46","author":"Blez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2020.09.017","article-title":"Lung recruitability of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients undergoing helmet CPAP","volume":"57","author":"Amati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.010","article-title":"Predictors of intubation in COVID-19 patients treated with out-of-ICU continuous positive airway pressure","author":"De Vita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4601-3","article-title":"Assessment of heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate to predict noninvasive ventilation failure in hypoxemic patients","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106550","article-title":"Usefulness of the HACOR score in predicting success of CPAP in COVID-19-related hypoxemia","volume":"187","author":"Guia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06519-7","article-title":"Role of total lung stress on the progression of early COVID-19 pneumonia","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96762-1","article-title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 patients intubated after failure of non-invasive ventilation: a multicenter observational study","volume":"11","author":"Boscolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00541","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00541-2020","article-title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure outside the intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Vaschetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106325","article-title":"Incidence of pulmonary embolism in patients with non-invasive respiratory support during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"178","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-4019-7","article-title":"Simultaneous reduction of flow and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) versus reduction of flow first or FiO2 first in patients ready to be weaned from high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (SLOWH trial)","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.788190\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T05:11:18Z","timestamp":1641273078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.788190\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2021.788190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.788190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"article-number":"788190"}}