{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1791958210086,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) for a prolonged period with comparatively less effective and more toxic second-line anti-TB drugs is associated with greater incidence of adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study aim<\/jats:title>This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and factors associated with occurrence of adverse events among patients with MDR-TB attending the Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study design<\/jats:title>This retrospective study included all patients with MDR-TB who were registered and treated at the study site between June 2014 and December 2016 and had their treatment outcomes available at the time of data collection (i.e., November 2018).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Measures and outcomes<\/jats:title>The Electronic Nominal Record System (ERNS) records, medical charts of patients, and laboratory reports were reviewed to obtain the data. Adverse events were reported as per the standard criteria recommended by the WHO. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to find the independent factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 179 patients with MDR-TB were included in the final analysis. Out of these, 114 (63.7%) patients experienced at least one adverse event during the course of their treatment. Depression was the most common adverse events (33%), followed by nausea and vomiting (27.4%) and arthralgia (27.4%). The factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events included presence of comorbidity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR<\/jats:italic>] 2.951; 95% CI<\/jats:italic> 1.423, 6.118) and being employed (AOR<\/jats:italic> 3.445; 95% CI<\/jats:italic> 1.188, 9.993).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Adverse events were prevalent in this cohort, however, resolved with the effective management approaches. 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