{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:05:54Z","timestamp":1793171154127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) is a bilateral, chronic inflammatory disease that recurs for up to several years; however, the fundamental processes involved in its pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the metabolomic alterations in the tear fluids of patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) compared with those of healthy volunteers (Ctrl group).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional study involving 42 subjects. Tear fluid was taken from one eye of 24 SLK patients (40.13 \u00b1 14.55 years, 83.33% female) and 18 healthy volunteers (Ctrl, 39.89 \u00b1 9.2 years, 72.22% female) using Schirmer strips. After the liquid extraction of tear metabolites, samples were infused into the QE HFX Orbitrap mass spectrometer in both positive and negative ion mode. Metabolites were quantitatively analyzed and matched with entries in the HMDB database. Metabolic differences between the SLK group and the control group were identified based on multivariate statistical analysis. Open database sources, including SMPDB and MetaboAnalyst, were used to identify metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 179 metabolites retained for annotation, 133 metabolites were finally identified, among which 50 were found to be significantly changed in SLK patients. Of these 50 metabolites, 31 metabolites significantly increased and 19 metabolites decreased in SLK patients. The altered metabolites are mainly involved in \u03b1 linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism, butyrate metabolism, mitochondrial electron transport chain, carnitine synthesis, and so on. The most significantly changed pathway was linoleic acid metabolism. To explore the utility of tear biomarkers, a model combining 9 metabolites (phenol, ethyl glucuronide, eicosapentaenoic acid, 12-keto-leukotriene B4, linoleic acid, hypoxanthine, triethanolamine, 1-nitrohexane, and terephthalic acid) was selected as a candidate biomarker.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results reveal that SLK has a specific metabolomic profile, of which some key elements can serve as potential biomarkers of SLK for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The findings of this study are novel and provide a basis for further investigations of the mechanism of SLK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.797630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T05:38:35Z","timestamp":1642484315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Metabolomic Alterations in the Tear Fluids of Patients With Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"42","author":"Theodore","year":"1963","journal-title":"Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.05.009","article-title":"Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis: a comprehensive review","volume-title":"Survey Ophthalmol","author":"Lahoti","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1989.26","article-title":"Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30843-3","article-title":"Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. 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