{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T17:26:37Z","timestamp":1769275597615,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a great variability of symptoms that affect all organs and systems of the body has been identified in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection; this symptomatology can sometimes persist over time, giving rise to the so-called long COVID or post-COVID. The aim of this study is to delve into the clinical characterization of these patients, as well as to take into account the influence of factors such as hospitalization, admission to ICU, history of pneumonia, or vaccination status on the persistence of symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An observational, descriptive, multicenter, and retrospective study was designed with a series of cases of people who presented long COVID, which includes univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Data were obtained from an online <jats:italic>ad hoc<\/jats:italic> questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software Version 25 (IBM-Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hospitalization, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination were predictive factors (positive or negative) for the following long-COVID symptoms: headache, menstrual disorders, joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, seizures, sleeping difficulty, dry eyes, palpitations, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain, high blood pressure, vomiting, memory loss, brain fog, hypothermia, low blood pressure, sputum or phlegm, lack of concentration, hair loss, and erectile dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence on the clinical characterization of patients suffering from long COVID in order to offer them the most appropriate treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1016013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T05:36:03Z","timestamp":1668144963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hospital admission and vaccination as predictive factors of long COVID-19 symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Romero-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis \u00c1ngel","family":"P\u00e9rula-de Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Castro-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jer\u00f3nimo J.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"V\u00e9lez-Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirian","family":"Santamar\u00eda-Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Informaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfico-t\u00e9cnica2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1648","article-title":"Long covid: mecanismos, factores de riesgo y manejo","volume":"374","author":"Crook","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19)2021"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2020.12.001","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednico-epidemiol\u00f3gicas de la infecci\u00f3n por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en m\u00e9dicos de familia: un estudio de casos y controles","volume":"53","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aten Primary."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.12.015","article-title":"Frecuencia y validez predictiva de la disfunci\u00f3n olfativa y gustativa en pacientes con infecci\u00f3n por SARS-CoV-2","volume":"156","author":"P\u00e9rula de Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Clinic."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 en China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas y lecciones importantes del brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en China: resumen de un informe de 72 314 casos del Centro Chino para el Control y la Prevenci\u00f3n de Enfermedades","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"jama."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Afecciones persistentes al COVID-19 y afecciones posteriores al COVID-19 | CDC"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"Una definici\u00f3n de caso cl\u00ednico de condici\u00f3n post-COVID-19 por un consenso de Delphi","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Gu\u00eda r\u00e1pida COVID-19: manejo de los efectos a largo plazo de COVID-19 - NICE, RCGP y SIGN2022"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Gu\u00eda Cl\u00ednica para la atenci\u00f3n al paciente Long COVID\/CVID persistente"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92045-x","article-title":"S\u00edntomas agudos y persistentes en pacientes covid-19 no hospitalizados confirmados por PCR","volume":"11","author":"Bliddal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y","article-title":"Atributos y predictores de COVID largo","volume":"27","author":"Sudre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100122","article-title":"S\u00edndrome post-COVID en pacientes no hospitalizados con COVID-19: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo longitudinal","volume":"6","author":"Augustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Heal."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Encuesta PERSISTENTE COVID-19"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Una definici\u00f3n de caso cl\u00ednico de afecci\u00f3n pos-COVID-19 por el proceso de consenso Delphi 6 de octubre de 20212021"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"1","article-title":"S\u00edntomas y factores de riesgo de COVID prolongado en adultos no hospitalizados","volume":"3","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.04.007","article-title":"Long COVID: una visi\u00f3n general","volume":"15","author":"Raveendran A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211032850","article-title":"S\u00edntomas, complicaciones y manejo de COVID largo: una revisi\u00f3n","volume":"114","author":"Aiyegbusi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Revisi\u00f3n actualizada de los s\u00edntomas prolongados despu\u00e9s de una infecci\u00f3n aguda por COVID-192021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n693","article-title":"S\u00edndrome post-covid en individuos ingresados en el hospital con covid-19: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo","volume":"372","author":"Ayoubkhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243882","article-title":"Persistencia de los s\u00edntomas y calidad de vida a los 35 d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de la hospitalizaci\u00f3n por infecci\u00f3n por COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Uno."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100899","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas y predictores del s\u00edndrome post-COVID agudo y cr\u00f3nico: Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica y metan\u00e1lisis","volume":"36","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00211-5","article-title":"Efectos postagudos de la infecci\u00f3n por SARS-CoV-2 en individuos que no requieren ingreso hospitalario: un estudio de cohorte poblacional dan\u00e9s","volume":"21","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navarro-Pardo E, Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez J, Torres-Macho J, Pellicer-Valero OJ","volume":"1","author":"Mart\u00edn-Guerrero","year":"2022"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01947-0","article-title":"Long Covid Forum Group. Research priorities for Long Covid: refined through an international multi-stakeholder forum","volume":"19","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edumed.2017.01.008","article-title":"El odds ratio y su interpretaci\u00f3n como magnitud del efecto en investigaci\u00f3n","volume":"19","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Lara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Med."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Resultados cl\u00ednicos, virol\u00f3gicos e inmunol\u00f3gicos a largo plazo en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19: la respuesta de anticuerpos predice covid largo","author":"Garc\u00eda-Abell\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.30476\/ijms.2021.92080.2326","article-title":"Risk factors associated with long COVID syndrome: a retrospective study","volume":"46","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir\u00e1n J Med Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab297","article-title":"Factores de riesgo e incidencia del s\u00edndrome COVID largo en pacientes hospitalizados:? \u2018tiene el remdesivir un efecto protector?","volume":"114","author":"Boglione","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM An Int J Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.033","article-title":"S\u00edntomas post-COVID-19 6 meses despu\u00e9s de la infecci\u00f3n aguda entre pacientes hospitalizados y no hospitalizados","volume":"27","author":"Peghin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.03.006","article-title":"El n\u00famero de s\u00edntomas iniciales est\u00e1 m\u00e1s relacionado con la COVID-19 prolongada que con la gravedad aguda de la infecci\u00f3n: una cohorte prospectiva de pacientes hospitalizados","volume":"118","author":"Chan Sui Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.02.003","article-title":"Determinantes de la persistencia de los s\u00edntomas y el impacto en el bienestar f\u00edsico y mental en Long COVID: a prospective cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Righi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redar.2021.05.009","article-title":"Calidad de vida y s\u00edntomas persistentes tras la hospitalizaci\u00f3n por COVID-19. Estudio observacional prospectivo comparativo de pacientes con o sin ingreso en UCI","volume":"69","author":"Taboada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rh.2021.11.001","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n y calidad de vida a los tres meses de la hospitalizaci\u00f3n por neumon\u00eda por COVID","volume":"1","author":"Diputado Valverde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rehabilitaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Experts' Opinion complicaciones a largo plazo de coviD-19 en sobrevivientes de icU:?","author":"Rasulo","year":"2021"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071066","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine and long covid: A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.11.21253225","article-title":"\u2018Son seguras las vacunas en pacientes con COVID largo? Un estudio observacional prospectivo","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050652","article-title":"El impacto de la vacunaci\u00f3n contra covid en los s\u00edntomas de COVID largo: una encuesta internacional de personas con experiencia vivida de COVID prolongado","volume":"10","author":"Strain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vacunas."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Trayectoria de los s\u00edntomas largos de covid despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n contra covid-19: estudio de cohorte basado en la comunidad","author":"Ayoubkhani","year":""},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.05.035","article-title":"La infecci\u00f3n previa por COVID-19, pero no la COVID prolongada, se asocia con un aumento de los eventos adversos despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n BNT162b2\/Pfizer","volume":"83","author":"Raw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmc.2021.10.001","article-title":"Papel protector de las vacunas actuales para variantes del virus SARS-CoV-2 y COVID persistente","volume":"29","author":"Marco","year":"2022","journal-title":"FMC - Formulario M\u00e9dica Cont"},{"key":"B43","article-title":"La vacunaci\u00f3n aumenta las respuestas protectoras y contrarresta las c\u00e9lulas B de memoria pat\u00f3genas inducidas por el SARS-CoV-2","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0037","article-title":"Post-COVID symptoms reported at asynchronous virtual review and stratified follow-up after COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1016013\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1668144975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1016013\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.1016013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1016013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"article-number":"1016013"}}