{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1787026684820,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung disease as major cause for morbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) starts early in life. Its large phenotypic heterogeneity is partially explained by the genotype but other contributing factors are not well delineated. The close relationship between mucus, inflammation and infection, drives morpho-functional alterations already early in pediatric CF disease, The TRACK-CF cohort has been established to gain insight to disease onset and progression, assessed by lung function testing and imaging to capture morpho-functional changes and to associate these with risk and protective factors, which contribute to the variation of the CF lung disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TRACK-CF is a prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study following patients with CF from newborn screening or clinical diagnosis throughout childhood. The study protocol includes monthly telephone interviews, quarterly visits with microbiological sampling and multiple-breath washout and as well as a yearly chest magnetic resonance imaging. A parallel biobank has been set up to enable the translation from the deeply phenotyped cohort to the validation of relevant biomarkers. The main goal is to determine influencing factors by the combined analysis of clinical information and biomaterials. Primary endpoints are the lung clearance index by multiple breath washout and semi-quantitative magnetic resonance imaging scores. The frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, infection with pro-inflammatory pathogens and anthropometric data are defined as secondary endpoints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This extensive cohort includes children after diagnosis with comprehensive monitoring throughout childhood. The unique composition and the use of validated, sensitive methods with the attached biobank bears the potential to decisively advance the understanding of early CF lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of the University of Heidelberg (approval S-211\/2011) and each participating site and is registered at\n                      <jats:ext-link>clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      (NCT02270476).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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