{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:20:48Z","timestamp":1792516848979,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 pandemic remains a great challenge for the healthcare system. The widely reported prolonged signs and symptoms resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Long-COVID) require medical care. The aim of the study was to assess factors, including lifestyle variables, related to the course of COVID-19 infection and to assess their impact on prolonged symptoms in non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,847 (637 men and 1,210 women) non-hospitalized participants of the STOP-COVID registry of the PoLoCOV-Study who, following the COVID-19, underwent check-up examinations at the cardiology outpatient clinic were included in the analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study participants (median age 51 [41\u201362] years) were evaluated at 13.4 (8.4\u201323.6) weeks following the diagnosis of COVID-19. Female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.46 [95% CI 1.19\u20131.78]), body mass index (BMI; per 1 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 1.02 [1.00\u20131.04]), hypertension (1.39 [1.07\u20131.81]), asthma (1.55 [1.06\u20132.27]), stress or overworking (1.54 [1.25\u20131.90]), and nightshift work (1.51 [1.06\u20132.14]) were independently related to the severity of symptoms during acute phase of the COVID-19 infection. The Long-COVID syndrome was independently related to the female sex (1.42 [1.13\u20131.79]), history of myocardial infarction (2.57 [1.04\u20136.32]), asthma (1.56 [1.01\u20132.41]), and severe course of the acute phase of the COVID-19 infection (2.27 [1.82\u20132.83]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female sex, BMI, asthma, hypertension, nightshifts, and stress or overworking are significantly related to the severity of the acute phase of the COVID-19 infection, while female sex, asthma, history of myocardial infarction, and the severity of symptoms in the acute phase of COVID-19 are the predictors of Long-COVID in non-hospitalized patients. We did not find an independent relation between Long-COVID and the studied lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1036556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T04:52:35Z","timestamp":1666587155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lifestyle, course of COVID-19, and risk of Long-COVID in non-hospitalized patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"P\u0142ywaczewska-Jakubowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chudzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Babicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kapusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.06.009","article-title":"Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00542","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00542-2020","article-title":"Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome?","volume":"6","author":"Go\u00ebrtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":""},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.052","article-title":"Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho-Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.029","article-title":"Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Garrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6130","article-title":"Association of public health interventions with the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607059","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.607059","article-title":"Sex differences on clinical characteristics, severity, and mortality in adult patients with COVID-19: a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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