{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:25:50Z","timestamp":1792589150049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurosyphilis is a major clinical manifestation of syphilis. In recent years, an increase in neurosyphilis cases has been reported in many countries. The overall incidence of neurosyphilis remains unknown, and there is a lack of understanding of the disease pathogenesis, which hampers clinical management, development of prevention strategies, and control. This article proposes the CARE-NS research strategy to enhance the clinical management of neurosyphilis, which consists of six key features: comprehensive management including multidisciplinary treatment (C), alleviating neurological impairment and sequelae (A), risk factors and clinical epidemiology (R), etiology and pathogenesis (E), new diagnostic indicators and strategies (N), and social impact and cost-effectiveness analysis (S).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T09:20:20Z","timestamp":1672996820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["CARE-NS, a research strategy for neurosyphilis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fang-Zhi","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Qiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906228","article-title":"Neurosyphilis.","volume":"381","author":"Ropper","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000687","article-title":"Reported cases of neurosyphilis among early syphilis cases\u2013United States, 2009 to 2015.","volume":"45","author":"de Voux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238617","article-title":"Neurosyphilis: still prevalent and overlooked in an at risk population.","volume":"15","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6902.2018381","article-title":"Clinical and socio-demographic profile of neurosyphilis: a retrospective study in a reference centre in Colombia.","volume":"69","author":"Quintero-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2013.53","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in the mixed urban-rural community of the Netherlands.","volume":"26","author":"Daey Ouwens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45339","article-title":"Late neurosyphilis and tertiary syphilis in Guangdong province, China: results from a cross-sectional study.","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of tertiary syphilis and the burden of neurosyphilis in five cities in China.","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peking Union Medical College."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000250","article-title":"Neurosyphilis.","volume":"21","author":"Marra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.35541\/cjd.20190808","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatis infection.","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3403-7","article-title":"Predictors of unfavorable outcome in neurosyphilis: multicenter ID-IRI study.","volume":"38","author":"Ozturk-Engin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008510","article-title":"IUSTI 2008 European guidelines on the management of syphilis.","volume":"20","author":"French","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab100","article-title":"56 Dean Street Collaborative Group. 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