{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:15:57Z","timestamp":1784034957262,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81700859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81700859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20171065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20171065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) is a relatively rare cause of chronic secondary open-angle glaucoma (OAG), but the exact cause is unknown. This study aimed to determine potential risk factors for OAG secondary to PSS and to provide a basis for early intervention in the development of PSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective case-control study. Nine cases diagnosed with PSS and seven cases diagnosed with OAG secondary to PSS were selected and their aqueous humor assays at the first occurrence of PSS were collected. Clinical characteristics including age, sex, disease duration, eye laterality, baseline visual acuity, maximum IOP, corneal endothelial cell density, visual field, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, cup-to-disk ratio, keratic precipitates, anterior chamber inflammation, and aqueous humor cytokine assay results were compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cytomegalovirus (CMV) positivity was 55.60% in patients with PSS and 100% in patients with OAG secondary to PSS. Corneal endothelial cell density was lower in patients with CMV-positive PSS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0116). Concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin (IL)-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) in patients with PSS and IL-8, IL-6, and VCAM in patients with OAG secondary to PSS were higher than standard reference values; and IL-8 concentration was significantly higher in patients with OAG secondary to PSS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0229). There were significant positive correlations between IL-8 and IL-6, IL-6 and VCAM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0304, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0172) and a significant negative correlation between bFGF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0497). Simultaneous increase of IL-8 and IL-6 concentration levels could be used as a cytokine indicator to predict secondary OAG in patients with PSS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0095).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simultaneous increase of IL-8 and IL-6 concentrations may be an important cause of accelerated secondary OAG in patients with PSS, with IL-8 playing a more critical role. IL-8 and IL-6 may be more reliable cytokine markers for predicting secondary OAG in PSS, However, the high possibility of secondary OAG in patients with CMV-positive PSS should not be ignored. Regulation of IL-8 and IL-6 levels may be a new strategy of preventing OAG secondary to PSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T09:50:46Z","timestamp":1673257846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of risk factors associated with secondary open-angle glaucoma in Posner-Schlossman syndrome: A retrospective case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuke","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1948.00900020525007","article-title":"Syndrome of unilateral recurrent attacks of glaucoma with cyclitic symptoms.","volume":"39","author":"Posner","year":"1948","journal-title":"Arch Ophthal."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.12.005","article-title":"Posner-Schlossman syndrome.","volume":"62","author":"Megaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)90818-0","article-title":"Glaucomatocyclitic crisis and primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"75","author":"Kass","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(01)00551-6","article-title":"Is Posner Schlossman syndrome benign.","volume":"108","author":"Jap","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1498","article-title":"Usefulness of aqueous and vitreous humor analysis in infectious uveitis.","volume":"75","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011663","article-title":"Retinitis associated with double infection of Epstein-Barr virus and varicella-zoster virus: a case report.","volume":"97","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4111-9","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of real-time PCR for ocular cytomegalovirus infections.","volume":"256","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1804592","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in Northern Chinese patients with peripheral granuloma type of ocular toxocariasis: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199301","article-title":"Different composition of intraocular immune mediators in Posner-Schlossman-syndrome and Fuchs\u2019 uveitis.","volume":"13","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.11.007","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis: a report by the American academy of ophthalmology.","volume":"124","author":"Schoenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311528","article-title":"Comparison of immunoblotting (IgA and IgG) and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients.","volume":"102","author":"Mathis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254972","article-title":"Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors profile in human aqueous humor in idiopathic uveitis.","volume":"17","author":"Errera","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044453","article-title":"Aqueous cytokine changes associated with Posner-Schlossman syndrome with and without human cytomegalovirus.","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1327605","article-title":"Characteristic profiles of inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes.","volume":"26","author":"Kokubun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.338989","article-title":"MicroRNAs as biomarkers in glaucoma and potential therapeutic targets.","volume":"17","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.607966","article-title":"Polymorphisms and circulating plasma protein levels of immune checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-1) are associated with Posner-Schlossman syndrome in Southern Chinese.","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3849","article-title":"Peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction in glaucomatocyclitic crisis: a preliminary study.","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.06.004","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of uveitis on visual field progression using large-scale real-world data.","volume":"207","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.09.008","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements: uveitis, a major confounding factor.","volume":"122","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.583376","article-title":"Morphologic assessment for glaucoma in the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment (MUST) trial.","volume":"19","author":"Gangaputra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.001","article-title":"Presumed Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis and Posner-Schlossman syndrome: comparison of cytomegalovirus-positive and negative eyes.","volume":"146","author":"Chee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1394471","article-title":"Clinical features of CMV-associated anterior uveitis.","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318284","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotype in patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome.","volume":"106","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.5","article-title":"Effects of ROCK inhibitors on apoptosis of corneal endothelial cells in CMV-positive Posner-Schlossman syndrome patients.","volume":"61","author":"Igarashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092337","article-title":"Increased complement-associated inflammation in cytomegalovirus-positive hypertensive anterior uveitis patients based on the aqueous humor proteomics analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.08.007","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in cytomegalovirus-positive Posner-Schlossman syndrome patients treated with topical ganciclovir therapy.","volume":"158","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02348-4","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of virus-related uveitic secondary glaucoma: focus on cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster virus.","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek201904141","article-title":"The role of interleukins and their inhibitors in the development of autoimmune uveitis.","volume":"72","author":"Kuryltsiv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiad Lek."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1421671","article-title":"An intraocular inflammatory profile of rubella associated uveitis.","volume":"27","author":"Fazil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01112-w","article-title":"Aqueous humor IL-8, IL-10, and VEGF levels in Fuchs\u2019 uveitis syndrome and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s uveitis.","volume":"39","author":"Simsek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00358","article-title":"Cytokine profiling in aqueous humor samples from patients with non-infectious uveitis associated with systemic inflammatory diseases.","volume":"11","author":"Bonacini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94391-2","article-title":"Role of MCP-1 and IL-8 in viral anterior uveitis, and contractility and fibrogenic activity of trabecular meshwork cells.","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5216","article-title":"Multiplex cytokine analysis reveals elevated concentration of interleukin-8 in glaucomatous aqueous humor.","volume":"51","author":"Kuchtey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.04.001","article-title":"Constitutive secretion of chemokines by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells.","volume":"91","author":"Shifera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59666-0","article-title":"Analysis of inflammatory mediators in the vitreous humor of eyes with pan-uveitis according to aetiological classification.","volume":"10","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.08.002","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-6 in autoimmune uveitis.","volume":"16","author":"Mesquida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2607-5","article-title":"The effect of previous surgery and topical eye drops for primary open-angle glaucoma on cytokine expression in aqueous humor.","volume":"252","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.1.153","article-title":"Synergistic transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene by NF-kappa B p65 (RelA) and NF-IL-6.","volume":"153","author":"Kunsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz7815","article-title":"Thermostable small-molecule inhibitor of angiogenesis and vascular permeability that suppresses a pERK-FosB\/\u0394FosB-VCAM-1 axis.","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1227448","article-title":"Subchoroidal release of VEGF and bFGF produces choroidal neovascularization in rabbit.","volume":"42","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064449\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T09:50:50Z","timestamp":1673257850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064449\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.1064449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"article-number":"1064449"}}