{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:06:25Z","timestamp":1776107185235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common in obese people, with some studies suggesting that low vitamin D level might be an independent predictor of obesity. Thus, the purpose of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the effect of oral spray vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 3000 IU supplementation along with personalized weight-loss diet on obesity markers in overweight and obese Caucasians with vitamin d deficiency or insufficiency. The impact of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and adrenergic receptors (ADRs) genetic variants on vitamin D levels and weight loss diet outcomes was also investigated. After signing informed consent, a total of 125 eligible volunteers were randomly assigned into vitamin D (vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> 3000 IU\/d oral spray supplementation, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 76) or placebo (xylitol, water, mint, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 49) group following a weight loss program (600 calories less than the total energy expenditure of each volunteer) for 3 months. Fat mass, BMI, REE and 25(OH)D serum level were monitored on baseline and each month. DNA samples were extracted from buccal swabs and genotyped for the rs2228570 (<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>), rs1544410 (<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>), rs731236 (<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>), rs1800544 (<jats:italic>ADRA2A<\/jats:italic>), rs1801252 (<jats:italic>ADRB1<\/jats:italic>), rs1042713 (<jats:italic>ADRB2<\/jats:italic>), and rs4994 (<jats:italic>ADRB3<\/jats:italic>) polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package (v.23). Between group comparisons revealed significant improvement in serum 25(OH)D level and greater reduction in weight, BMI and fat percentage in the vitamin D group compared to placebo group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In the vitamin D group, carriers of the rs2228570 T allele tended to have greater vitamin D level improvement compared with the homozygous C allele (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.067). Furthermore, heterozygous (CT) for the rs731236 tended to have lesser weight loss (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.068) and for the rs1042713, a lower decline in fat percentage was observed for homozygous AA carriers compared to the heterozygous (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.051). In the control group, differences in weight loss (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.055) and BMI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.045) were observed between rs1544410 AA and GG homozygous. In conclusion, vitamin D oral spray supplementation seems to improve vitamin D status and decrease obesity markers during a weight-loss intervention in overweight\/obese Caucasians with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Also, the results of the present study indicate that <jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ADRs<\/jats:italic> genetic polymorphisms seem to influence vitamin D supplementation response and obesity markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.811326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T14:06:04Z","timestamp":1646316364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation and Genetic Polymorphisms Impact on Weight Loss Diet Outcomes in Caucasians: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical 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