{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:54:47Z","timestamp":1791561287855,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes lifelong T-cell infection in humans, impacting the host immune response. This virus causes a range of clinical manifestations, from inflammatory conditions, including neuronal damage (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, HAM) to life-threatening leukemia (adult T-cell leukemia, ATL). Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 is also associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, but the mechanisms remain unclear. As a blood-borne and sexually transmitted infection (STI), HTLV-1 shares transmission routes to many other pathogens and although it has worldwide distribution, it affects mainly those in low- and middle-income tropical areas, where the prevalence of other infectious agents is high. These factors contribute to a high incidence of co-infections in people living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV). This comprehensive review addresses the impact of HTLV-1 on several co-infections and vice-versa. There is evidence of higher rates of HTLV-1 infection in association with other blood borne (HCV, HBV) and sexually transmitted (Syphilis, Chlamydia, HPV, HSV) infections but whether this represents increased susceptibility or opportunity is unclear. Higher frequency of\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae)<\/jats:italic>\n                    is observed in PLHTLV. Reports of opportunistic infections and high frequency of crusted scabies in patients with HTLV-1 points to immune impairment in those individuals. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 may influence the persistence of pathogens, exemplified by the higher rates of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis (St. stercoralis)<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment failure observed in PLHTLV. This retrovirus is also associated with increased tuberculosis (TB) severity with some evidence pointing to a deleterious impact on leprosy outcome as well. These findings are supported by immune alterations observed in those co-infected individuals. Although the role of HTLV-1 in HCV outcome is debatable, most data indicate that HTLV may negatively impact the clinical course of hepatitis C. Co-infections may also influence the risk of developing HTLV-1 associated disease, but data are still limited. The impact of HTLV-1 on the response to more common infections, might contribute to the increased mortality rate of HTLV-1. Large scale prospective controlled studies on the prevalence and impact of HTLV-1 in co-infections and vice-versa are needed. Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 impact in public health is broad. Measures to increase awareness and to prevent new infections are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:02:54Z","timestamp":1643846574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["HTLV-1 and Co-infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Rosadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.18032","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment outcomes of opportunistic infections among human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) at a single institution from 2006 to 2016","volume":"59","author":"Kawano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hematop."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943867","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/943867","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in patients with HTLV-1 infection","volume":"2015","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308043090501","article-title":"Clinical course of retrovirus-associated adult T-cell lymphoma in the United States","volume":"309","author":"Bunn","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984\u201387)","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02524.x","article-title":"Interference with immune function by HTLV-1","volume":"137","author":"Goon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Geographical Distribution of Areas with a High Prevalence of HTLV-1 Infection.","author":"Gessain","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30402-5","article-title":"Association between HTLV-1 infection and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"20","author":"Schierhout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890915)64:6<1290::aid-cncr2820640620>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"The prevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection in patients with hematologic and nonhematologic diseases in an adult T-cell leukemia-endemic area of Japan","volume":"64","author":"Hanada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.167.13","article-title":"Prevalence of HTLV-I antibody in pulmonary cryptococcosis","volume":"167","author":"Kohno","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000174252.73516.7a","article-title":"Increased risk of tuberculosis with human T-lymphotropic virus-1 infection a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Marinho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in hospitalized patients with tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"de Lourdes Bastos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"959","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I\/II in northeastern Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Moreira","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961918103","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV antibody, in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, 1993\u20131994","volume":"7","author":"Broutet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817efb83","article-title":"Increased prevalence of HTLV-1 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis coinfected with HIV, but not in HIV-negative patients with tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Norrgren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.040","article-title":"Higher mortality in HIV-2\/HTLV-1 co-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, compared to HIV-2-positive HTLV-1-negative patients","volume":"14","author":"Norrgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.3.363","article-title":"Prevalence of antibody to human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in populations of Ivory Coast, West Africa","volume":"160","author":"Verdier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.5.1026","article-title":"Tuberculosis and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection","volume":"24","author":"Seaton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130230","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterisation of HTLV-1 and 2 dual infections in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Central-West Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"418","article-title":"Low prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I among patients with tuberculosis in Senegal","volume":"7","author":"Kaplan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21036","article-title":"HTLV-1\/2 among high-risk groups in Argentina: molecular diagnosis and prevalence of different sexual transmitted infections","volume":"79","author":"Berini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"31","article-title":"Co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV\/HTLV retroviruses: frequency and prognosis among patients admitted in a brazilian hospital","volume":"1","author":"Pedral-Sampaio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in hospitalized patients with tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Bastos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1428-z","article-title":"Tuberculosis incidence in a cohort of individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Grassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.623","article-title":"Diseases among men living in human T-lymphotropic virus type I endemic areas in Japan","volume":"32","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009521","article-title":"HTLV-1 infection is associated with a history of active tuberculosis among family members of HTLV-1-infected patients in Peru","volume":"136","author":"Verdonck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1086\/514143","article-title":"Increased prevalence of infectious diseases and other adverse outcomes in human T lymphotropic virus types I- and II-infected blood donors. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS) Study Group","volume":"176","author":"Murphy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1309","article-title":"Antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in patients with leprosy in tropical areas","volume":"161","author":"Verdier","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199708150-00010","article-title":"Decreased survival of HTLV-I carriers in leprosy patients from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a historical prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Lechat","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.2.296","article-title":"Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic viruses among leprosy patients and contacts: correlation between HIV-1 cross-reactivity and antibodies to lipoarabinomannan","volume":"169","author":"Kashala","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199804010-00014","article-title":"Prevalence of HTLV-I in leprosy patients in two sanatoriums in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Muneishi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.09.003","article-title":"Leprosy and confinement due to leprosy show high association with hepatitis C in Southern Brazil","volume":"97","author":"de Moraes Braga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199101000-00019","article-title":"A survey of HTLV-1 and HIVs in Ethiopian leprosy patients","volume":"5","author":"Tekle-Haimanot","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.1007","article-title":"Prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections among persons with Hansen's disease in New York City","volume":"170","author":"Glaser","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003865","article-title":"Viral co-infection and leprosy outcomes: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5025\/hansen.68.109","article-title":"Brief survey of leprosy situation in Congo: sero-epidemiologic profile in correlation with some emerging viral infections","volume":"68","author":"Milanga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nihon Hansenbyo Gakkai Zasshi."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-7-555","article-title":"Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)","volume":"111","author":"Murphy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.5.920","article-title":"Infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II in sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore and New Orleans","volume":"165","author":"Wiktor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0042-9007.2001.00143.x","article-title":"A case-control study of risk factors associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-I seropositivity in blood donors from Guadeloupe, French West Indies","volume":"82","author":"Rouet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.4.812","article-title":"Demographic factors associated with HTLV-1 infection in a gabonese community","volume":"23","author":"Hesran Jy Le Delaporte","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171303","article-title":"HTLV-1 is predominantly sexually transmitted in Salvador, the city with the highest HTLV-1 prevalence in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199801010-00017","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, chlamydia, syphilis, and toxoplasma in pregnant Japanese women with HTLV-I","volume":"17","author":"Hashido","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.2.418","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus infection in haitian women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T lymphotropic virus type I infections","volume":"166","author":"Boulos","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.05.001","article-title":"Seroprevalence and factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus, human T lymphotropic virus and Hepatitis B\/C infections in parturient women of Salvador \u2013 Bahia, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Vargas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brazilian J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890380110","article-title":"Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I in Peruvian prostitutes","volume":"38","author":"Wignall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.4.754","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among female sex workers in Peru","volume":"169","author":"Gotuzzo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200002000-00006","article-title":"Risk factors for HTLV-I and II in individuals attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"27","author":"Giuliani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199504120-00012","article-title":"HTLV-I infection among prostitutes and pregnant women in Kinshasa, Za\u00efre: how important is high-risk sexual behavior?","volume":"8","author":"Delaporte","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199508000-00014","article-title":"HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I\/II and Treponema pallidum infections","volume":"9","author":"Norrgren","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirology."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1086\/345364","article-title":"Cervical shedding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I is associated with cervicitis","volume":"186","author":"Zunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000300005","article-title":"Evidence of a higher prevalence of HPV infection in HTLV-1-infected women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"45","author":"L\u00f4po","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044240","article-title":"Association between human papillomavirus and human T-lymphotropic virus in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"7","author":"Blas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.689847","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in Sweden","volume":"44","author":"Malm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66795","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066795","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection among different population in central China","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223087","article-title":"Distribution of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and hepatitis C co-infection in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00543-z","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection","volume":"18","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retrovirology."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002643","article-title":"Clinical associations of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in an indigenous Australian population","volume":"8","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762004000900022","article-title":"Clinical and immunological consequences of human T cell leukemia virus type-I and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection","volume":"99","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02508.x","article-title":"HTLV-1 modifies the clinical and immunological response to schistosomiasis","volume":"137","author":"Porto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1066","article-title":"HTLV-1 infection is frequent among out-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in northern Lima, Peru","volume":"11","author":"Verdonck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910420605","article-title":"Suppression of tuberculin skin reaction in healthy HTLV-I carriers from Japan","volume":"42","author":"Tachibana","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910560307","article-title":"Decreased reactivity to PPD among htlv-i carriers in relation to virus and hematologic status","volume":"56","author":"Welles","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to PPD and PHA in elderly HTLV-I carriers","volume":"3","author":"Murai","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-199","article-title":"Influence of HTLV-1 on the clinical, microbiologic and immunologic presentation of tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.03.002","article-title":"Caterino-de-Araujo A. Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV\/HIV-1-, HCV\/HTLV-1\/-2-, and HCV\/HIV\/HTLV-1\/-2-co-infected patients from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brazilian J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008245","article-title":"The reasons to include the serology of human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in the clinical follow-up of patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24538","article-title":"HCV\/HTLV coinfection: does HTLV-1 interfere in the natural history of HCV-related diseases?","volume":"88","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.30.492","article-title":"Cohort study of hepatotropic virus and human T lymphotropic virus type-I infections in an area endemic for adult T cell leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Kamihira","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn J Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1086\/323890","article-title":"Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection influences hepatitis C virus clearance","volume":"184","author":"Kishihara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i2.68","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus\/human T lymphotropic virus 1\/2 co-infection: Regional burden and virological outcomes in people who inject drugs","volume":"5","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Virol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01434.x","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection worsens prognosis of hepatitis C virus-related living donor liver transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transpl Int."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0928-5","article-title":"Influence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 coinfection on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"49","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/315177","article-title":"Follow-up study of morbidity and mortality associated with hepatitis C Virus infection and its interaction with human T lymphotropic virus type I in Miyazaki, Japan","volume":"181","author":"Boschi-Pinto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.07.032","article-title":"Up-regulation of hepatitis C virus replication by human T cell leukemia virus type I-encoded Tax protein","volume":"369","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.037","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection: impact on liver disease, virological markers, and neurological outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Esp\u00edndola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822009000400001","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and human T-lymphotropic virus coinfection: epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and histopathological features","volume":"42","author":"Milagres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652009000600003","article-title":"Influence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection on laboratory parameters of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus","volume":"51","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702003000400008","article-title":"Atypical presentation of syphilis in an HTLV-I infected patient","volume":"7","author":"Carna\u00faba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)09458-1","article-title":"Scabies and pediculosis","volume":"355","author":"Chosidow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200206140-00015","article-title":"Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV-1\/HTLV-1) infection in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Brites","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90009-9","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I) infection among ethnically and geographically diverse Peruvian women","volume":"7","author":"Sanchez-Palacios","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70225-7","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I in Latin America","volume":"14","author":"Gotuzzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"855","article-title":"Norwegian scabies in Peru: the impact of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection","volume":"72","author":"Blas","year":"2005"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1086\/516518","article-title":"Is crusted (Norwegian) scabies a marker of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma in human T lymphotropic virus type I-seropositive patients?","volume":"176","author":"del Giudice","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00889.x","article-title":"Disseminated molluscum contagiosum and pulmonary cryptococcosis coexisting in an HTLV-1 seropositive patient","volume":"17","author":"Adedayo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02253.x","article-title":"Crusted (Norwegian) scabies in a patient with smoldering adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Takeshita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dermatol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90134-C","article-title":"Crusted (Norwegian) scabies as a pre-diagnostic indicator for HTLV-1 infection","volume":"87","author":"Daisley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1983","article-title":"Crusted (Norwegian) scabies as a strong marker of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in HTLV-1 infection","volume":"7","author":"Bimbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/120347549900300310","article-title":"Crusted scabies in association with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1","volume":"3","author":"Bergman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1086\/508177","article-title":"Dermatological findings in 3 generations of a family with a high prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Nobre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5694\/mja14.00458","article-title":"Crusted scabies: a clinical marker of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in central Australia","volume":"200","author":"Einsiedel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04568.x","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations associated with HTLV-1 infection","volume":"49","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"Clinicopathological features of cryptococcal lymphadenitis and a review of literature2630\n            KawamotoK\n            MiyoshiH\n            SuzukiT\n            MutoR\n            YamadaK\n            YanagidaE\n          10.3960\/jslrt.1701128592745J Clin Exp Hematop.572017"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofu008","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu008","article-title":"An Enabling Act","volume":"1","author":"Chalkias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.31.1132","article-title":"Immunological studies on opportunistic infection and the development of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"31","author":"Tashiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"81","article-title":"A case of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with HTLV-1 associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: Occam's Razor blunted","volume":"80","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conn Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.4.1014","article-title":"Infections in patients with chronic adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: case report and review","volume":"21","author":"Rhew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1030","article-title":"Human T lymphotropic virus-1 associated gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in Peru","volume":"5","author":"Canelo-Aybar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B98","first-page":"44","volume":"48","author":"Rivierez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90117-3","article-title":"HTLV-I-associated lymphoma involving the entire alimentary tract and presenting with an acquired immune deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Cappell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2305","article-title":"A probable association between HTLV-1 and endemic mycosis in Latin America","volume":"6","author":"Leon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/653679","article-title":"Human T lymphotropic virus 1 and paracoccidioidomycosis: a probable association in Latin America","volume":"51","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.030","article-title":"Schistosoma antigens downregulate CXCL9 production by PBMC of HTLV-1-infected individuals","volume":"167","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000348700","article-title":"Schistosoma antigens downmodulate the in vitro inflammatory response in individuals infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1","volume":"20","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1086\/427560","article-title":"Helminthic infection down-regulates type 1 immune responses in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and is more prevalent in HTLV-1 carriers than in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"191","author":"Porto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0340","article-title":"Association of tuberculosis status with neurologic disease and immune response in HTLV-1 infection","volume":"33","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy546","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis B virus coinfection on human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 clonality in an indigenous population of Central Australia","volume":"219","author":"Turpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-7563.2010.01320.x","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in Taiwan: an analysis of 17 patients and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010025","article-title":"Dichotomy in Fatal Outcomes in a Large Cohort of People Living with HTLV-1 in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Marcusso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.02.002","article-title":"In vitro basal T-cell proliferation among asymptomatic human T cell leukemia virus type 1 patients co-infected with hepatitis C and\/or human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"22","author":"Assone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis273","article-title":"Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1: evaluation of 42 cases observed in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Marcusso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy289\/4975518","article-title":"Early juvenile human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 \u2013 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: study of 25 patients","volume":"67","author":"Varandas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1086\/432058","article-title":"Infective dermatitis and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in childhood and adolescence","volume":"41","author":"Primo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002546","article-title":"High prevalence of skin disorders among HTLV-1 infected individuals independent of clinical status","volume":"7","author":"Okajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.021","article-title":"Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1\u2013associated infective dermatitis: a comprehensive review","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702005000500020","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL) in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brazilian J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.05.005","article-title":"Flower cells in patients with infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1","volume":"48","author":"de Oliveira Mde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:03:10Z","timestamp":1643846590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"article-number":"812016"}}