{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:16:12Z","timestamp":1790878572019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common acquired pigmentary disorder occurring after skin inflammation or injury. Ultraviolet B irradiation could exaggerate PIH clinically due to its effect on promoting cutaneous inflammation and melanogenesis in keratinocytes and melanocytes, respectively. Solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside extracted from <jats:italic>Solanum undatum<\/jats:italic>, significantly inhibits Ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, and IFN-\u03b3, as well as paracrine melanogenic factors ET-1, \u03b1-MSH, and bFGF in human keratinocytes. Additionally, SM significantly attenuated UVB-induced melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes through down-regulation of tyrosinase activity and expression of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase. SM exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes through the p38 MAPK\/Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway. With its anti-inflammatory and whitening effect, SM may improve PIH through paracrine regulations of keratinocytes and direct action on melanocytes, making it a promising agent for PIH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:13:10Z","timestamp":1655100790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Solamargine Alleviated UVB-Induced Inflammation and Melanogenesis in Human Keratinocytes and Melanocytes via the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway, a Promising Agent for Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Juemin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamm-Ming","family":"Sheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrang-Shi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leihong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0333-6","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis and treatment.","volume":"19","author":"Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00218.x","article-title":"Tape-stripping method in man: comparison of evaporimetric methods.","volume":"13","author":"Zhai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.04.012","article-title":"New and experimental treatments of cloasma and other hypermelanoses.","volume":"25","author":"Picardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405030-00004","article-title":"Optimal management of recalcitrant disorders of hyperpigmentation in dark-skinned patients.","volume":"5","author":"Stratigos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2006.32075.x","article-title":"Whitening effect of salicylic acid peels in Asian patients.","volume":"32","author":"Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1997.tb00014.x","article-title":"Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients. A comparative study.","volume":"23","author":"Burns","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatologic."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199501000-00012","article-title":"Laser treatment of erythematous\/hypertrophic and pigmented scars in 26 patients.","volume":"95","author":"Dierickx","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1994.tb00152.x","article-title":"Ineffective treatment of refractory melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation by Q-switched ruby laser.","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00355.x","article-title":"Laser treatment of benign pigmented epidermal lesions using a 300 nsecond pulse and 510 nm wavelength.","volume":"19","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-020-02049-2","article-title":"Efficacy of a wound-dressing biomaterial on prevention of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after suction blister epidermal grafting in stable vitiligo patients: a controlled assessor-blinded clinical study with in vitro bioactivity investigation.","volume":"312","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"20","article-title":"Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color.","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103509","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21508","article-title":"Solanum incanum extract (SR-T100) induces melanoma cell apoptosis and inhibits established lung metastasis.","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.04.003","article-title":"Solanum incanum extract (SR-T100) induces human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma apoptosis through modulating tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling pathway.","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-015-0272-0","article-title":"Inactivation of PI3-K\/Akt and reduction of SP1 and p65 expression increase the effect of solamargine on suppressing EP4 expression in human lung cancer cells.","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7881717","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7881717","article-title":"Implications of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.","volume":"2022","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"001","article-title":"A review of the pharmacological aspects of Solanum nigrum Linn.","volume":"6","author":"Atanu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15703","article-title":"Effects of Solanum undatum extract (SR-T100) on photocarcinogenesis and photoaging of actinic keratosis.","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00562.x","article-title":"Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation.","volume":"5","author":"Tomita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb16987.x","article-title":"Retinoic acid and pigment cells: a review of in-vitro and in-vivo studies.","volume":"127","author":"Ortonne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12190","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 inhibits basal and \u03b1-MSH-induced melanogenesis.","volume":"27","author":"Son","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12460991","article-title":"Interleukins 1 alpha and 6 and tumor necrosis Factor-alpha are paracrine inhibitors of human melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis.","volume":"96","author":"Swope","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1538","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of melanocytes in vitiligo epidermis: role of SCF\/KIT protein interactions and the downstream effector, MITF-M.","volume":"202","author":"Kitamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PP00174J","article-title":"Icariin and icaritin recover UVB-induced photoaging by stimulating Nrf2\/ARE and reducing AP-1 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways: a comparative study on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes.","volume":"17","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500940","article-title":"Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities of edible fresh water algae Prasiola japonica in UVB-irradiated skin keratinocytes.","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2019.097","article-title":"Combination of PDTC and GBE could better alleviate the damage to HaCaT cells caused by UVB.","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5809","article-title":"Anticancer properties of solamargine: a systematic review.","volume":"31","author":"Kalalinia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12466","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of human skin melanogenesis and pigmentation.","volume":"40","author":"Serre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15651","article-title":"Paracrine regulation of melanogenesis.","volume":"178","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.01053.x","article-title":"\u201cTranscription physiology\u201d of pigment formation in melanocytes: central role of MITF.","volume":"19","author":"Vachtenheim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1454","article-title":"Pyridinylimidazole compound SB 203580 inhibits the activity but not the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.","volume":"263","author":"Kumar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S173838","article-title":"Protective effect of Anwulignan against D-galactose-induced hepatic injury through activating p38 MAPK-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway in mice.","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2018.09.008","article-title":"Andrographolide prevented toluene diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma and aberrant airway E-cadherin distribution via p38 MAPK-dependent Nrf2 induction.","volume":"53","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00397","article-title":"Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity of Elephantopus scaber L. via activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway in LPS-induced microglia BV-2 Cells.","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34846","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA03291A","article-title":"The protective effects of Shikonin on lipopolysaccharide\/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via inhibiting MAPK and NF-\u03baB and activating Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways.","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812653\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:13:23Z","timestamp":1655100803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812653\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.812653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.812653","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"article-number":"812653"}}