{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:53:37Z","timestamp":1793055217459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accidental hypothermia (AH) is an unintended decrease in body core temperature (BCT) to below 35\u00b0C. We present an update on physiological\/pathophysiological changes associated with AH and rewarming from hypothermic cardiac arrest (HCA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Temperature Regulation and Metabolism<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Triggered by falling skin temperature, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus induces release of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin from pituitary gland anterior lobe that stimulate thyroid generation of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T4). The latter act together with noradrenaline to induce heat production by binding to adrenergic \u03b23-receptors in fat cells. Exposed to cold, noradrenaline prompts degradation of triglycerides from brown adipose tissue (BAT) into free fatty acids that uncouple metabolism to heat production, rather than generating adenosine triphosphate. If BAT is lacking, AH occurs more readily.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Cardiac Output<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assuming a 7% drop in metabolism per \u00b0C, a BCT decrease of 10\u00b0C can reduce metabolism by 70% paralleled by a corresponding decline in CO. Consequently, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery provided correctly performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which might result in approximately 30% of CO generated at normal BCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Liver and Coagulation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AH promotes coagulation disturbances following trauma and acidosis by reducing coagulation and platelet functions. Mean prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times might increase by 40\u201360% in moderate hypothermia. Rewarming might release tissue factor from damaged tissues, that triggers disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypothermia might inhibit platelet aggregation and coagulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Kidneys<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal blood flow decreases due to vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, electrolyte and fluid disturbances and increasing blood viscosity. Severely deranged renal function occurs particularly in the presence of rhabdomyolysis induced by severe AH combined with trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolism drops 7% per \u00b0C fall in BCT, reducing CO correspondingly. Therefore, it is possible to maintain adequate oxygen delivery after 10\u00b0C drop in BCT provided correctly performed CPR. Hypothermia may facilitate rhabdomyolysis in traumatized patients. Victims suspected of HCA should be rewarmed before being pronounced dead. Rewarming avalanche victims of HCA with serum potassium &amp;gt; 12 mmol\/L and a burial time &amp;gt;30 min with no air pocket, most probably be futile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.824395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T07:19:09Z","timestamp":1645600749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Physiological Changes in Subjects Exposed to Accidental Hypothermia: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lars J.","family":"Bjertn\u00e6s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torvind O.","family":"N\u00e6sheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirik","family":"Reierth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Suborov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail Y.","family":"Kirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin M.","family":"Lebedinskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkjel","family":"Tveita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1114208","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia","volume":"367","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia in the elderly","volume":"59","author":"Ranhoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(84)90199-8","article-title":"EEG and visual evoked potentials of conscious man during moderate hypothermia","volume":"58","author":"FitzGibbon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.12.775","article-title":"Pathophysiology of accidental hypothermia","volume":"95","author":"Mallet","year":"2002","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(01)00474-9","article-title":"Cold water submersion and cardiac arrest in treatment of severe hypothermia with cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"52","author":"Wollenek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(03)00309-7","article-title":"Hypothermia in the trauma patient","volume":"35","author":"Tsuei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2001.00172.x","article-title":"Emergency treatment of hypothermia","volume":"13","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-151-04-03","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia","volume":"151","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.09.465","article-title":"History of accidental hypothermia","volume":"82","author":"Guly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa159","article-title":"Successful resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 11","volume":"58","author":"Mroczek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)01021-7","article-title":"Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7 degrees C with circulatory arrest","volume":"355","author":"Gilbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196111000-00001","article-title":"Physiologic reactions during profound hypothermia with cardioplegia","volume":"22","author":"Stephen","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195802000-00019","article-title":"Profound hypothermia in man; report of a case","volume":"147","author":"Niazi","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.04.029","article-title":"\u201cNobody is dead until warm and dead\u201d: prolonged resuscitation is warranted in arrested hypothermic victims also in remote areas - a retrospective study from northern Norway","volume":"85","author":"Hilmo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.02.026","article-title":"Hypothermia outcome prediction after extracorporeal life support for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients: the HOPE score","volume":"126","author":"Pasquier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"112","article-title":"Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"50","author":"Lexow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arctic Med Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00713-8","article-title":"Rewarming from accidental hypothermia by extracorporeal circulation. A retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"Farstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1020","volume":"121","author":"Locher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.09.010","article-title":"Emergency medical helicopter operations for avalanche accidents","volume":"84","author":"Mair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198709000-00011","article-title":"Hypothermia in trauma victims: an ominous predictor of survival","volume":"27","author":"Jurkovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.08.016","article-title":"Successful resuscitation after multiple injuries in the wilderness","volume":"44","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00025.2021","article-title":"Physiological impact of hypothermia: the good, the bad and the ugly","author":"Tveita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.18821\/0201-7563-2016-6-479-482","article-title":"Guidelines for management of accidental hypothermia in a university hospital in Northern Norway","volume":"61","author":"Filset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesteziol Reanimatol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641633","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.641633","article-title":"Rewarming from hypothermic cardiac arrest applying extracorporeal life support: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bjertn\u00e6s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5444.1217","article-title":"Haemodialysis in severe barbiturate poisoning","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(61)92588-0","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia","volume":"2","author":"Duguid","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2005","article-title":"Thermogenic mechanisms and their hormonal regulation","volume":"86","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"296","article-title":"Arctic Animals and Their Adaptations to Life on the Edge","author":"Blix","year":"2005"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70069-X","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormone and brown adipose tissue in energy homoeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Bianco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.11","article-title":"Thermal protection of the newborn in resource-limited environments","volume":"32","author":"Lunze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.71.360","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal thermoregulation","volume":"71","author":"Asakura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"170","article-title":"Uptake in supraclavicular area fat (\u201cUSA-Fat\u201d): description on 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"44","author":"Cohade","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00021.2014","article-title":"Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in human adults: methodological issues","volume":"307","author":"van der Lans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0163-y","article-title":"Publisher correction: cold-induced epigenetic programming of the sperm enhances brown adipose tissue activity in the offspring","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00126.2014","article-title":"Recent advances in thermoregulation","volume":"39","author":"Tansey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4161\/23328940.2014.955433","article-title":"Effects of MDMA on body temperature in humans","volume":"1","author":"Liechti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Temperature."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/666509","article-title":"Hibernation and circadian rhythms of body temperature in free-living Arctic ground squirrels","volume":"85","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2740905","article-title":"Freeze avoidance in a mammal: body temperatures below 0 degree C in an Arctic hibernator","volume":"244","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55578","article-title":"Cytoprotection by a naturally occurring variant of ATP5G1 in Arctic ground squirrel neural progenitor cells","volume":"9","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20560","article-title":"Advances in molecular biology of hibernation in mammals","volume":"29","author":"Andrews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioessays."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14313","article-title":"Suspended animation: the past, present and future of major cardiothoracic trauma","volume":"88","author":"Mohiyaddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H706","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1978.234.6.H706","article-title":"Blood flow distribution in dogs during hypothermia and posthypothermia","volume":"234","author":"Anzai","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199408000-00002","article-title":"Experimental hypothermia: effects of core cooling and rewarming on hemodynamics, coronary blood flow, and myocardial metabolism in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Tveita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1139\/y96-028","article-title":"Changes in blood flow distribution and capillary function after deep hypothermia in rat","volume":"74","author":"Tveita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198105000-00034","article-title":"Cardiac output during CPR: a comparison of two methods","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.13.6.379","article-title":"Doppler measurement of cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"13","author":"Fodden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-004-0110-4","article-title":"Reversible electrocardiographic changes in hypothermia","volume":"93","author":"Lins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z Kardiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.06.015","article-title":"Survival after avalanche-induced cardiac arrest","volume":"85","author":"Boue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-0704","article-title":"J waves in accidental hypothermia - body temperature and its clinical implications","volume":"78","author":"Higuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation Journal."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.229864","article-title":"'Autonomic conflict': a different way to die during cold water immersion?","volume":"590","author":"Shattock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0847","article-title":"Death and cardiac arrest in U.S. triathlon participants, 1985 to 2016: a case series","volume":"167","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H890","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00805.2009","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying hypothermia-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction","volume":"298","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1533","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00840.2015","article-title":"Hypothermia\/rewarming disrupts excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes","volume":"310","author":"Schaible","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2321","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.6.H2321","article-title":"Modulation of myocardial function and [Ca2+] sensitivity by moderate hypothermia in guinea pig isolated hearts","volume":"277","author":"Stowe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2007.09.005","article-title":"Myocardial mechanical dysfunction and calcium overload following rewarming from experimental hypothermia in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Kondratiev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cryobiology."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001358","article-title":"Inotropic effects of experimental hyperthermia and hypothermia on left ventricular function in pigs-comparison with dobutamine","volume":"44","author":"Alogna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0041-6","article-title":"Systolic left ventricular function is preserved during therapeutic hypothermia, also during increases in heart rate with impaired diastolic filling","volume":"3","author":"Kerans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1991.261.4.H1005","article-title":"Positive inotropism in hypothermia partially depends on an increase in maximal Ca(2+)-activated force","volume":"261","author":"Kusuoka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0339-8","article-title":"Altered pharmacological effects of adrenergic agonists during hypothermia","volume":"24","author":"Dietrichs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R225","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10465","article-title":"The physiologic responses to epinephrine during cooling and after rewarming in vivo.","volume":"15","author":"Tveita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.017","article-title":"European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 4. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances","volume":"95","author":"Truhlar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S829","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971069","article-title":"Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care","volume":"122","author":"Vanden Hoek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.01.025","article-title":"Anti-arrhythmic and vasopressor medications for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation in severe hypothermia: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"78","author":"Wira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CPJ06001X","article-title":"Cardiac myocytes Ca2+ and Na+ regulation in normal and failing hearts","volume":"100","author":"Bers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822d78de","article-title":"Changes in cardiovascular effects of dopamine in response to graded hypothermia in vivo.","volume":"40","author":"Filseth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.3.187","article-title":"Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model","volume":"10","author":"Stoner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.09.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of levosimendan during rewarming from hypothermia in rat","volume":"69","author":"Dietrichs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryobiology."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R245","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13071","article-title":"Role of calcium desensitization in the treatment of myocardial dysfunction after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest","volume":"17","author":"Rungatscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Critical care (London, England)."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.03.034","article-title":"Treatment of acute heart failure in an infant after cardiac surgery using levosimendan","volume":"26","author":"Braun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13139","article-title":"Of ions and temperature: the complicated interplay of temperature, fluids, and electrolytes on myocardial function","volume":"17","author":"Polderman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2005.04.013","article-title":"A case of hypothermic cardiac arrest treated with an external chest compression device (LUCAS) during transport to re-warming","volume":"67","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.07.018","article-title":"LUCAS compared to manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation is more effective during helicopter rescue-a prospective, randomized, cross-over manikin study","volume":"31","author":"Putzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.02.017","article-title":"Delayed and intermittent CPR for severe accidental hypothermia","volume":"90","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000146240.92905.7e","article-title":"What is the incidence and significance of \u201cdry-lungs\u201d in bodies found in water?","volume":"25","author":"Lunetta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200212000-00015","article-title":"Circumstances and macropathologic findings in 1590 consecutive cases of bodies found in water","volume":"23","author":"Lunetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14580J","article-title":"Drowning without aspiration: is this an appropriate diagnosis?","volume":"44","author":"Modell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(00)00207-5","article-title":"The irving-scholander legacy in polar physiology","volume":"126","author":"Elsner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1263-92","article-title":"The master switch of life","volume":"209","author":"Scholander","year":"1963","journal-title":"Sci Am."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07427.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to face immersion and apnea during steady state muscle exercise. A heart catheterization study on humans","volume":"120","author":"Bjertnaes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S317404","article-title":"Prioritized brain circulation during ergometer cycling with apnea and face immersion in ice-cold water: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Bjertnaes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90370.2008","article-title":"Facial immersion in cold water enhances cerebral blood velocity during breath-hold exercise in humans","volume":"106","author":"Kjeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.6.2122","article-title":"Oxygen-conserving effects of apnea in exercising men","volume":"87","author":"Lindholm","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(97)00065-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of body cooling in submersed victims","volume":"35","author":"Golden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.040345","article-title":"Selective brain cooling and its vascular basis in diving seals","volume":"213","author":"Blix","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02637.x","article-title":"The role of the cardiovascular response in the resistance to asphyxia of avian divers","volume":"58","author":"Hollenberg","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5341.1310-a","article-title":"Recovery from drowning in fresh water","volume":"1","author":"Kvittingen","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92554-4","article-title":"Survival after 40 minutes; submersion without cerebral sequeae","volume":"1","author":"Siebke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401203300318","article-title":"Survival after prolonged hypothermia","volume":"330","author":"Antretter","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"890","article-title":"The respiratory system in a cold environment","volume":"66","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.25.1.105","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on lung compliance","volume":"25","author":"Deal","year":"1970","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2014.0004","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic hypothermia on gas exchange and respiratory mechanics: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Karnatovskaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12476","article-title":"Respiratory function parameters in ventilated newborn infants undergoing whole body hypothermia","volume":"103","author":"Dassios","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.09.006","article-title":"The effect of induced hypothermia on respiratory parameters in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"81","author":"Aslami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1878712","article-title":"A theoretical study on anomalous temperature dependence of pKw of water","volume":"122","author":"Yagasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Chem Phys."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.11.1877","article-title":"Temperature correction of blood-gas and pH measurements","volume":"29","author":"Ashwood","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519609088622","article-title":"Blood gases and hypothermia: some theoretical and practical considerations","volume":"224","author":"Kofstad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200116001-00004","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass and cerebral injury in adults","volume":"16","author":"Nollert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23246","article-title":"Physiology of oxygen transport and its determinants in intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Arora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00332","article-title":"Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells","volume":"4","author":"Mairb\u00e4url","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1089\/ther.2019.0009","article-title":"Cerebral autoregulation is impaired during deep hypothermia-a porcine multimodal neuromonitoring study","volume":"10","author":"Gaasch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200210000-00018","article-title":"Early effects of acid-base management during hypothermia on cerebral infarct volume, edema, and cerebral blood flow in acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"97","author":"Kollmar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.112338","article-title":"Comparison of neurologic outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with alpha-stat and pH-stat cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn pigs","volume":"121","author":"Priestley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivt016","article-title":"Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass increases cerebral tissue oxygenation during combined valve surgery: a single-centre, randomized trial","volume":"16","author":"Lenkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1510\/icvts.2009.214130","article-title":"Is pH-stat or alpha-stat the best technique to follow in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest?","volume":"10","author":"Abdul Aziz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii31","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew328","article-title":"Acute traumatic coagulopathy: pathophysiology and resuscitation","volume":"117","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000064328.97941.FC","article-title":"A systematic evaluation of the effect of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function","volume":"56","author":"Wolberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519861469","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on haemostasis and bleeding risk: a narrative review","volume":"47","author":"Kander","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3109\/09537100903420269","article-title":"Mild and moderate hypothermia increases platelet aggregation induced by various agonists: a whole blood in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Scharbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Platelets."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31829c3b22","article-title":"Computational analysis of the effects of reduced temperature on thrombin generation: the contributions of hypothermia to coagulopathy","volume":"117","author":"Mitrophanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199705000-00016","article-title":"Predicting life-threatening coagulopathy in the massively transfused trauma patient: hypothermia and acidoses revisited","volume":"42","author":"Cosgriff","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2741\/e376","article-title":"Tissue factor in blood cells and endothelial cells","volume":"4","author":"Osterud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Bioscience."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.245.24.2517","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation during rewarming following hypothermia","volume":"245","author":"Mahajan","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000282","article-title":"Extracorporeal life support for refractory cardiac arrest or shock: a 10-year study","volume":"61","author":"Brunet","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2074-7_23","article-title":"Measurement of blood coagulation factor synthesis in cultures of human hepatocytes","volume":"1250","author":"Heinz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199210000-00007","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade","volume":"20","author":"Rohrer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2014.10.005","article-title":"Physiological responses to hypothermia","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2003.09.017","article-title":"Biphasic concentration change during continuous midazolam administration in brain-injured patients undergoing therapeutic moderate hypothermia","volume":"60","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000281517.97507.6E","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia on drug disposition, metabolism, and response: a focus of hypothermia-mediated alterations on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system","volume":"35","author":"Tortorici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09849.x","article-title":"The effects of hypothermia on renal function and haemodynamics in the rat","volume":"153","author":"Broman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.02.045","article-title":"Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is not a risk factor for acute kidney injury in thoracic aortic surgery","volume":"141","author":"Englberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.09.023","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia and prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Susantitaphong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.04.007","article-title":"The impact of deep versus moderate hypothermia on postoperative kidney function after elective aortic hemiarch repair","volume":"102","author":"Arnaoutakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.151","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis: historical background, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features","volume":"48","author":"Cervellin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.10.032","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis following therapeutic hypothermia after traumatic cardiac arrest","volume":"82","author":"Ciapetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603000-00032","article-title":"Resuscitation of severe hypothermia by extracorporeal rewarming in a child","volume":"40","author":"Dobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e521","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001283","article-title":"Excellent outcome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after accidental profound hypothermia (13.8degreeC) and drowning","volume":"43","author":"Romlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.06.013","article-title":"Outcome after severe accidental hypothermia in the French Alps: a 10-year review","volume":"93","author":"Debaty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B128","first-page":"1275","volume":"85","author":"Locher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Praxis."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(94)90021-3","article-title":"Prognostic markers in patients with severe accidental hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest","volume":"27","author":"Mair","year":"1994","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412293312607","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia","volume":"331","author":"Danzl","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2004.11.020","article-title":"Time course variations of haemodynamics, plasma volume and microvascular fluid exchange following surface cooling: an experimental approach to accidental hypothermia","volume":"65","author":"Hammersborg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.06.008","article-title":"Surface cooling versus core cooling: comparative studies of microvascular fluid- and protein-shifts in a porcine model","volume":"79","author":"Hammersborg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B133","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of accidental hypothermia","volume-title":"Acta Anaesth Scand.","author":"Bjertn\u00e6s","year":"1987"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00070","article-title":"Effects of constant flow vs. constant pressure perfusion on fluid filtration in severe hypothermic isolated blood-perfused rat lungs","volume":"3","author":"Halsoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H605","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1977.233.5.H605","article-title":"Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia","volume":"233","author":"Chen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1258\/002367702320162333","article-title":"Determination of plasma volume in anaesthetized piglets using the carbon monoxide (CO) method","volume":"36","author":"Heltne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00103.x","article-title":"Fluid extravasation during cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets\u2013effects of hypothermia and different cooling protocols","volume":"47","author":"Farstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015","article-title":"European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution","volume":"81","author":"Soar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/iry006.310","article-title":"388 case study: severe hypothermia and frostbite requiring ecmo and four limb amputations","volume":"39","author":"Lacey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3122\/15572625-11-1-34","article-title":"Frostbite: review and current concepts","volume":"11","author":"Reamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000307","article-title":"The endothelial surface layer","volume":"440","author":"Pries","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H458","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00592.2005","article-title":"Fluid shear stress stimulates incorporation of hyaluronan into endothelial cell glycocalyx","volume":"290","author":"Gouverneur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0722-x","article-title":"Anticoagulant heparan sulfate: structural specificity and biosynthesis","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13940","article-title":"Syndecans - key regulators of cell signaling and biological functions","volume":"284","author":"Afratis","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0239-y","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx and its disruption, protection and regeneration: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Schott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.684852","article-title":"Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia","volume":"116","author":"Rehm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-010-0118-z","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx and coronary vascular permeability: the fringe benefit","volume":"105","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.01.028","article-title":"Perturbation of the endothelial glycocalyx in post cardiac arrest syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Grundmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12260","article-title":"Side-by-side alterations in glycocalyx thickness and perfused microvascular density during acute microcirculatory alterations in cardiac surgery","volume":"23","author":"Koning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microcirculation."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659108098215","article-title":"Syndecan-1 plasma levels during coronary artery bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"23","author":"Svennevig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perfusion."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.10.013","article-title":"Acute degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in infants undergoing cardiac surgical procedures","volume":"99","author":"Bruegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1570-4","article-title":"The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology","volume":"20","author":"Millar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000171805.24799.fa","article-title":"Procoagulant soluble tissue factor is released from endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines","volume":"96","author":"Szotowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2011.210","article-title":"E- and P-selectin: differences, similarities and implications for the design of P-selectin antagonists","volume":"65","author":"Binder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chimia."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.3.676","article-title":"Inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: mechanisms involved and possible therapeutic strategies","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)00777-I","article-title":"Disparity in blood activation by two different heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass systems","volume":"60","author":"Moen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2006.02.030","article-title":"The release of systemic inflammatory mediators is independent of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature","volume":"21","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(00)00401-2","article-title":"Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines after coronary artery bypass grafting during normothermic and hypothermic cardiac arrest","volume":"17","author":"Grunenfelder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2084-x","article-title":"Aggressive re-warming at 38.5 degrees C following deep hypothermia at 21 degrees C increases neutrophil membrane bound elastase activity and pro-inflammatory factor release","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12893","article-title":"Deep hypothermic cardiac arrest treated by extracorporeal life support in a porcine model: does the rewarming method matter?","volume":"23","author":"Debaty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2010.01.014","article-title":"Changes in interleukin-10 mRNA expression are predictive for 9-day survival of pigs in an emergency preservation and resuscitation model","volume":"81","author":"Sipos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R21","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8879","article-title":"Mild hypothermia alone or in combination with anesthetic post-conditioning reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebral cortex of pigs after cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"14","author":"Meybohm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.BC_4_18","article-title":"Hypothermia and brain inflammation after cardiac arrest","volume":"4","author":"Tahsili-Fahadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0624-3","article-title":"Fast therapeutic hypothermia prevents post-cardiac arrest syndrome through cyclophilin D-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition inhibition","volume":"112","author":"Jahandiez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14215","article-title":"Cooling and immunomodulation for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91546-2","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia treated by extracorporeal blood warming","volume":"1","author":"Davies","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/14017436709131858","article-title":"Treatment of accidental hypothermia","volume":"1","author":"Kugelberg","year":"1967","journal-title":"Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31820edd04","article-title":"Efficacy of portable and percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass rewarming versus that of conventional internal rewarming for patients with accidental deep hypothermia","volume":"39","author":"Morita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.11.037","article-title":"The bernese hypothermia algorithm: a consensus paper on in-hospital decision-making and treatment of patients in hypothermic cardiac arrest at an alpine level 1 trauma centre","volume":"42","author":"Brodmann Maeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0303-7","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia\u2013an update","volume":"24","author":"Paal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.10.020","article-title":"Resuscitation of avalanche victims: evidence-based guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM): intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel","volume":"84","author":"Brugger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135114551029","article-title":"Inflammatory response to hyperoxemic and normoxemic cardiopulmonary bypass in acyanotic pediatric patients","volume":"5","author":"Kagawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045738","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery modulates systemic inflammation by affecting different steps of the leukocyte recruitment cascade","volume":"7","author":"Rossaint","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.01.016","article-title":"Oxidative stress precedes peak systemic inflammatory response in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass operation","volume":"38","author":"Christen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B175","first-page":"277","article-title":"Endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular surgery: the systemic inflammatory response","volume":"63","author":"Boyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/75.6.724","article-title":"Cytokine balance and immunosuppressive changes at cardiac surgery: contrasting response between patients and isolated CPB circuits","volume":"75","author":"McBride","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-015-0048-y","article-title":"Contact pathway of coagulation and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb J."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.05.080","article-title":"Miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass in coronary artery bypass surgery: marginal impact on inflammation and coagulation but loss of safety margins","volume":"80","author":"Nollert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/imi.0b013e3182552ade","article-title":"The early inflammatory response in a mini-cardiopulmonary bypass system: a prospective randomized study","volume":"7","author":"Kiaii","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innovations."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/155698451000500405","article-title":"Prospective, randomized study comparing two different minimized versus conventional cardiopulmonary bypass systems","volume":"5","author":"Schoenebeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Innovations."},{"key":"B181","unstructured":"Attenuating the systemic inflammatory response to adult cardiopulmonary bypass: a critical review of the evidence base197211\n            LandisRC\n            BrownJR\n            FitzgeraldD\n            LikoskyDS\n            Shore-LessersonL\n            BakerRA\n          26357785J Extra Corpor Technol.462014"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)01028-6","article-title":"Can the use of methylprednisolone, vitamin C, or alpha-trinositol prevent cold-induced fluid extravasation during cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets?","volume":"127","author":"Farstad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01064.x","article-title":"Reduced fluid gain during cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets using a continuous infusion of a hyperosmolar\/hyperoncotic solution","volume":"50","author":"Farstad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0886-0440.2004.04059.x","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine reduces lung reperfusion injury after deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest","volume":"19","author":"Cakir","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Card Surg."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98044-2","article-title":"Effects of rewarming with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to restore oxygen transport and organ blood flow after hypothermic cardiac arrest in a porcine model","volume":"11","author":"Nilsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.03.049","article-title":"Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted support provides improved survival in hypothermic patients with cardiocirculatory arrest","volume":"134","author":"Ruttmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.824395\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T07:19:32Z","timestamp":1645600772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.824395\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":186,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.824395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.824395","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"article-number":"824395"}}