{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:59:49Z","timestamp":1753891189856,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570829","82171069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570829","82171069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate and compare the specificity of Toxocara <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic>-specific antibody detection in the serum and aqueous samples for the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and explore the cytokine profiles associated with the condition in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a prospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were the clinical presentations of OT, which included unilateral vision reduction, typical peripheral or posterior pole granuloma with variable degrees of vitritis, and exclusion of other diagnoses. The titer of antibody against the excretory-secretory antigen of Toxocara <jats:italic>canis<\/jats:italic> [T-immunoglobulin G (IgG)] was measured in serum and aqueous samples that were taken from the affected eyes. The diagnosis of OT was made upon positive detection of T-IgG either in the serum or aqueous. The rest with typical clinical presentations as described above but a positive serum or aqueous T-IgG could not be confirmed were diagnosed as suspected OT. Cytokines were measured using multiplexed cytometric bead array system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and eleven eyes of 211 patients had participated in the study. One hundred and twenty-eight eyes were diagnosed as OT. The median age of the cohort was 7.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Major initial symptoms were decreased vision (74%) and strabismus (22%). The percentages of eyes with peripheral granuloma, posterior granuloma, and endophthalmitis were 40, 18, and 41%, respectively. Vitritis (100%), vitreous strands (64%), retinal fibrotic bands (57%), and retinal detachment (42%) were the most common signs. T-IgG was positive in 66.7% of the aqueous and 57.2% of the serum samples. Forty-four patients were diagnosed T-IgG negative in both serum and aqueous of the affected eyes. Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, eosinophil chemotactic protein (Eotaxin), MCP-1\u03b2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in T-IgG negative eyes when compared to controls and further increased in T-IgG positive eyes. However, only T-IgG positive eyes showed increased IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. IL-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), IL-12, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), and IL-4 were undetectable in all eyes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric OT is often present with severe retinal complications. Polarized intraocular Th2 response was only found in aqueous T-IgG positive eyes. Our results supported an aqueous sample-based antibody test for the more specific diagnosis of OT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.838800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T01:16:55Z","timestamp":1648603015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Value of the Antibody Detection in the Diagnosis of Ocular Toxocariasis and the Aqueous Cytokine Profile Associated With the Condition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiakai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiquan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.004","article-title":"The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance","volume":"43","author":"Macpherson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000400","article-title":"Toxocariasis: America's most common neglected infection of poverty and a helminthiasis of global importance?","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12010","article-title":"Analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with chronic cough associated with toxocara canis infection","volume":"34","author":"Nagy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12143","article-title":"Visceral larva migrans syndrome: analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with hepatic lesions confirmed in radiological findings","volume":"36","author":"Mazur-Melewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)90267-4","article-title":"Intraocular toxocara","volume":"71","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20120821-01","article-title":"Ocular toxocariasis","volume":"50","author":"Arevalo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X10666150410125057","article-title":"Ocular toxocariasis: new diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Pulgarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01206249","article-title":"Ocular toxocariasis in children and youth","volume":"84","author":"Zygulska-Mach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.09.020","article-title":"Canninga-van Dijk MR, et al. 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