{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:22:41Z","timestamp":1780345361320,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the contrast sensitivity function (CSF), chorioretinal thickness and vascular density as well as their relationships in subjects with simple early-stage high myopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-one young subjects were enrolled in this study. They were categorized into the simple high myopia group (sHM, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 51) and the low-moderate myopia group (control group, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 30). Monocular CSF under best correction was measured with the qCSF method. Retinal superficial and deep vascular density, inner and outer retinal thickness and choroidal thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography angiography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The area under log CSF (AULCSF) and cutoff spatial frequency (Cutoff SF) of the sHM group were significantly reduced compared to those of the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). The parafoveal and perifoveal retinal thickness, deep vascular density and choroidal thickness were also significantly reduced in the sHM group (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that AULCSF was significantly correlated with retinal deep vascular density, outer retinal thickness in the parafoveal and perifoveal areas (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to low to moderate myopic eyes, patients with simple high myopia have thinner retinal and choroidal thickness, lower retinal vascular density, and reduced contrast sensitivity. Moreover, the CSF was correlated with the measures of chorioretinal structure and vasculature. The results suggest that the CSF is a sensitive functional endpoint in simple early-stage high myopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.847817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T06:13:18Z","timestamp":1648534398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Contrast Sensitivity Is Associated With Chorioretinal Thickness and Vascular Density of Eyes in Simple Early-Stage High Myopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xinting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Lesmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050.","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.4","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis.","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.030","article-title":"Visual consequences of refractive errors in the general population.","volume":"122","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-2608","article-title":"Photoreceptor degeneration is correlated with the deterioration of macular retinal sensitivity in high myopia.","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2019.0113","article-title":"Macular microvasculature in high myopia without pathologic changes: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.","volume":"34","author":"Min","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.45","article-title":"Deep retinal capillary plexus decreasing correlated with the outer retinal layer alteration and visual acuity impairment in pathological myopia.","volume":"61","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.001","article-title":"Retinal vasculature development in health and disease.","volume":"63","author":"Selvam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddstr.2012.11.002","article-title":"Visual function endpoints to enable dry AMD clinical trials.","volume":"10","author":"Lesmes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.62.4.198","article-title":"The importance of measuring contrast sensitivity in cases of visual disturbance.","volume":"62","author":"Arden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.22.2.81.5530","article-title":"Myopia and contrast sensitivity function.","volume":"22","author":"Liou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12344","article-title":"The influence on unaided vision of age, pupil diameter and sphero-cylindrical refractive error.","volume":"99","author":"Rushton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622877","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.622877","article-title":"Strongest correlation between contrast sensitivity and morphological characteristics in bilateral nAMD.","volume":"7","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055217315596184","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217315596184","article-title":"Introducing a new method to assess vision: computer-adaptive contrast-sensitivity testing predicts visual functioning better than charts in multiple sclerosis patients.","volume":"1","author":"Stellmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5468","article-title":"qCSF in clinical application: efficient characterization and classification of contrast sensitivity functions in amblyopia.","volume":"51","author":"Hou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.2.22","article-title":"Predicting visual disability in glaucoma with combinations of vision measures.","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Bio277","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21863","article-title":"Multidimensional functional and structural evaluation reveals neuroretinal impairment in early diabetic retinopathy.","volume":"58","author":"Joltikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1167\/10.3.17","article-title":"Bayesian adaptive estimation of the contrast sensitivity function: the quick CSF method.","volume":"10","author":"Lesmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/15.9.2","article-title":"Using 10AFC to further improve the efficiency of the quick CSF method.","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.7.6.9","article-title":"Measuring the contrast sensitivity function using the qCSF Method with 10 digits.","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.08.039","article-title":"Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness measurement with the RTVue-100 optical coherence tomograph.","volume":"117","author":"Garas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00175988","article-title":"Improvements on Littmann\u2019s method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography.","volume":"232","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.20.004710","article-title":"Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography.","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897x00294","article-title":"Colour bit-stealing to enhance the luminance resolution of digital displays on a single pixel basis.","volume":"10","author":"Tyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7734","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07734","article-title":"The topographical arrangement of cutoff spatial frequencies across lower and upper visual fields in mouse V1.","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53.e","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.012","article-title":"Macular thickness profiles of intraretinal layers in myopia evaluated by ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7410","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-13894","article-title":"Macular measurements using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Chinese myopic children.","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702789","article-title":"Assessment of macular retinal thickness and volume in normal eyes and highly myopic eyes with third-generation optical coherence tomography.","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21289","article-title":"Quantitative OCT angiography of the retinal microvasculature and the choriocapillaris in myopic eyes.","volume":"58","author":"Al-Sheikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013571","article-title":"Vascular flow density in pathological myopia: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.","volume":"7","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4012-y","article-title":"Vessel density, retinal thickness, and choriocapillaris vascular flow in myopic eyes on OCT angiography.","volume":"256","author":"Milani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000936","article-title":"Correlation between choroidal thickness and degree of myopia assessed with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.","volume":"27","author":"El-Shazly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.012","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in young adults and its association with visual acuity.","volume":"214","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01403-7","article-title":"Correlation of myopia severity with visual performance.","volume":"40","author":"Ang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14241","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity is associated with outer-retina thickness in early-stage diabetic retinopathy.","volume":"98","author":"McAnany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","article-title":"Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings.","volume":"197","author":"Campbell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091517-034018","article-title":"Retinal vasculature in development and diseases.","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120944016","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in myopic peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation complicated by choroidal neovascularization.","volume":"31","author":"Comune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/ijg.0000000000001408","article-title":"Evaluation of peripapillary choroidal microvasculature to detect glaucomatous damage in eyes with high myopia.","volume":"29","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.02.011","article-title":"Central and peripheral visual performance in myopes: contact lenses versus spectacles.","volume":"34","author":"Ehsaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.847817\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T06:13:20Z","timestamp":1648534400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.847817\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.847817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.847817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"article-number":"847817"}}