{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:38:06Z","timestamp":1793151486133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a term that collectively refers to a group of chronic childhood arthritides, which together constitute the most common rheumatic condition in children. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria define seven categories of JIA: oligoarticular, polyarticular rheumatoid factor (RF) negative (RF-), polyarticular RF positive (RF+), systemic, enthesitis-related arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and undifferentiated arthritis. The ILAR classification includes persistent and extended oligoarthritis as subcategories of oligoarticular JIA, but not as distinct categories. JIA is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process affecting the synovia that begins before the age of 16 and persists at least 6 weeks. If not treated, JIA can cause significant disability and loss of quality of life. Treatment of JIA is adjusted according to the severity of the disease as combinations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), synthetic and\/ or biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Although the disease etiology is unknown, disturbances in innate and adaptive immune responses have been implicated in JIA development. B cells may have important roles in JIA pathogenesis through autoantibody production, antigen presentation, cytokine release and\/ or T cell activation. The study of B cells has not been extensively explored in JIA, but evidence from the literature suggests that B cells might have indeed a relevant role in JIA pathophysiology. The detection of autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), RF and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in JIA patients supports a breakdown in B cell tolerance. Furthermore, alterations in B cell subpopulations have been documented in peripheral blood and synovial fluid from JIA patients. In fact, altered B cell homeostasis, B cell differentiation and B cell hyperactivity have been described in JIA. Of note, B cell depletion therapy with rituximab has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in children with JIA, which further supports B cell intervention in disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.851532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T06:44:14Z","timestamp":1649054654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["B Cells on the Stage of Inflammation in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Leading or Supporting Actors in Disease Pathogenesis?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Eurico","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"137","article-title":"B cells from the bench to the clinical practice","volume":"33","author":"Moura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.09.001","article-title":"B-cell tolerance checkpoints in health and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Meffre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1794","article-title":"Checkpoints in lymphocyte development and autoimmune disease","volume":"11","author":"von Boehmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048820","article-title":"Checkpoints controlling the induction of B cell mediated autoimmunity in human autoimmune diseases","volume":"50","author":"Reijm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930902832306","article-title":"Do B cells play a role in the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis?","volume":"42","author":"Morbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmunity."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759868","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/759868","article-title":"B-cell pathology in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"2010","author":"Wiegering","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00214","article-title":"B cells as a therapeutic target in paediatric rheumatic disease","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03168","article-title":"Autoantibodies in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Mahmud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.047878","article-title":"Differential expression patterns of recombination-activating genes in individual mature B cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Faber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01859.x","article-title":"Abnormal kappa:lambda light chain ratio in circulating immune complexes as a marker for B cell activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Low","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.05.011","article-title":"The kappa immunoglobulin light chain repertoire of peripheral blood B cells in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"Morbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"932","article-title":"CD5 positive B lymphocytes in seronegative juvenile arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Martini","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350213","article-title":"Increase in CD5+ B cells in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. 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