{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:45:04Z","timestamp":1793396704261,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The long-term impact of COVID-19 on patient health has been a recent focus. This study aims to determine the persistent symptoms and psychological conditions of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 15 months after onset, that patients first developed symptoms. The potential risk factors were also explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of COVID-19 patients discharged from February 20, 2020 to March 31, 2020 was recruited. Follow-ups were conducted using validated questionnaires and psychological screening scales at 15 months after onset to evaluate the patients' health status. The risk factors for long-term health impacts and their associations with disease severity was analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>534 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 62.0 years old (IQR 52.0\u201370.0) and 295 were female (55.2%). The median time from onset to follow-up was 460.0 (451.0\u2013467.0) days. Sleep disturbance (18.5%, 99\/534) and fatigue (17.2%, 92\/534) were the most common persistent symptoms. 6.4% (34\/534) of the patients had depression, 9.2% (49\/534) were anxious, 13.0% (70\/534) had insomnia and 4.7% (25\/534) suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that glucocorticoid use during hospitalization (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.12\u201311.44) was significantly associated with an increased risk of fatigue. The OR values for anxiety and sleep disorders were 2.36 (95% CI 1.07\u20135.20) and 2.16 (95% CI 1.13\u20134.14) in females to males. The OR value of PTSD was 25.6 (95% CI 3.3\u2013198.4) in patients with persistent symptoms to those without persistent symptoms. No significant associations were observed between fatigue syndrome or adverse mental outcomes and disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>15-month follow-up in this study demonstrated the need of extended rehabilitation intervention for complete recovery in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.854788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T13:50:18Z","timestamp":1652277018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["15-Month Health Outcomes and the Related Risk Factors of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients From Onset: A Cohort 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