{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:19:25Z","timestamp":1783552765108,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020084","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["006238841051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006238841051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020084","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201904010092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201904010092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016966","name":"Bethune Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bethune-Merck Diabetes Research Fund (G2018030)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bethune-Merck Diabetes Research Fund (G2018030)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate body fluid status in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients and the extent to which it is affected by renal function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and thirty-two eyes from 132 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were prospectively collected in this cross-sectional, observational study. Thirty-five were DM patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR), 31 were DR patients without DME, and 66 were DME patients. The fluid status of each participant was quantified with extracellular water-to-total body water ratio (ECW\/TBW) using a body composition monitor. Central subfield thickness (CST) and macular volume (MV) were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin was obtained using serum and urine laboratory data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ECW\/TBW was significantly increased in DME patients (39.2 \u00b1 0.9, %) compared to DM (38.1 \u00b1 0.7, %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and DR patients without DME (38.7 \u00b1 0.9, %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). In multilinear regression, fluid overload was positively related to DME and UACR (DME vs. DM: \u03b2 = 2.418, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; DME vs. DR: \u03b2 = 1.641, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001; UACR, per 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, \u03b2 = 1.017, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). In the binary logistic regression for DME risk, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) increased significantly by adding ECW\/TBW along with UACR and age (AUC: 0.826 vs. 0.768).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DME patients had elevated body fluid volume independent of kidney functions. The assessment of extracellular fluid status may help in the management of DME.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.857532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T09:24:59Z","timestamp":1649755499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical Relevance of Body Fluid Volume Status in Diabetic Patients With Macular 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