{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:25:56Z","timestamp":1789190756840,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI121207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI121207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01TW009504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01TW009504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25TW009338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25TW009338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI088752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI088752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with a worldwide spread that leads to clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to a life-threatening disease. The immune response is predominantly humoral mediated limited to the infecting serovar. Individuals living in an area endemic for leptospirosis are often exposed to an environment contaminated with leptospires and there is a paucity of information on naturally acquired immunity. In the present study, we evaluated the kinetics of agglutinating antibodies in individuals from an endemic area for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil comparing two different intersample collection times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2017\u20132018, we carried out a biannual prospective cohort with 2,086 individuals living in an endemic area for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil. To compare agglutinating antibody kinetics using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with different collection times, a subcohort of 72 individuals with quarterly follow-up was carried out in parallel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed that using a shorter time for intersample collection led to the detection of a higher number of infections and reinfection events. Furthermore, we observed a higher rate of titer decay indicating partial and short protection. However, there was no indication of major changes in risk factors for the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated antibody kinetics among residents of an endemic area for leptospirosis comparing two sample collection times. The constant exposure to the contaminated environment increases the risk for leptospirosis infection with reinfection events being more common than expected. This indicates that the burden of leptospirosis might be underestimated by serological surveys, and further studies are necessary to better characterize the humoral response after infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.862378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:49:29Z","timestamp":1649944169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biannual and Quarterly Comparison Analysis of Agglutinating Antibody Kinetics on a Subcohort of Individuals Exposed to Leptospira interrogans in Salvador, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jaqueline S.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Nivison","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gielson A.","family":"Sacramento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Victoriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albino L. S.","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet O.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitermayer G.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge","volume":"46","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis.","author":"Faine","year":"1999"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008309","article-title":"Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in an endemic mixed urban and semi-urban setting-A community-based study in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"14","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c","article-title":"Leptospirosis. Current opinion in infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2005"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.071064","article-title":"Leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, Salvador, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Gouveia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004275","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Determinants of Urban Leptospirosis Transmission: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Slum Residents in Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Hagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de vigil\u00e2ncia em sa\u00fade. departamento de vigil\u00e2ncia das doen\u00e7as transmiss\u00edveis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leptospirose: diagn\u00f3stico e manejo cl\u00ednico"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105183","article-title":"Leptospirosis: increasing importance in developing countries","volume":"201","author":"Soo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","article-title":"Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?","volume":"15","author":"Picardeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008970","article-title":"Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization","volume":"15","author":"Vernel-Pauillac","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9","article-title":"Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador leptospirosis study group","volume":"354","author":"Ko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1086\/650300","article-title":"Lack of demonstrable memory T cell responses in humans who have spontaneously recovered from leptospirosis in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"201","author":"Tuero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000228","article-title":"Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums","volume":"2","author":"Reis","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002927","article-title":"Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community: role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira agent","volume":"8","author":"Felzemburgh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652002000200005","article-title":"Leptospirosis severity may be associated with the intensity of humoral immune response","volume":"44","author":"Abdulkader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005349","article-title":"Distinct antibody responses of patients with mild and severe leptospirosis determined by whole proteome microarray analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lessa-Aquino","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008407","article-title":"Linking longitudinal and cross-sectional biomarker data to understand host-pathogen dynamics: Leptospira in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) as a case study","volume":"14","author":"Prager","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa253","article-title":"Effects of accounting for interval-censored antibody titer decay on seroincidence in a longitudinal cohort study of leptospirosis","volume":"190","author":"Owers Bonner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006752","article-title":"Fine-scale GPS tracking to quantify human movement patterns and exposure to leptospires in the urban slum environment","volume":"12","author":"Owers","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4958-4968.2001","article-title":"Leptospiral proteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans","volume":"69","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.4.805-809.1991","article-title":"Serological follow-up of patients involved in a localized outbreak of leptospirosis","volume":"29","author":"Lupidi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008662","article-title":"Circulating genotypes of Leptospira in French Polynesia : an 9-year molecular epidemiology surveillance follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Grillova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64166","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64166","article-title":"A live attenuated-vaccine model confers cross-protective immunity against different species of the Leptospira genus","volume":"10","author":"Wunder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108534","article-title":"Human leptospirosis: seroreactivity and genetic susceptibility in the population of Sao Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)","volume":"9","author":"Esteves","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000825","article-title":"A 3-year retrospective analysis on the prevalence of anti-Leptospiral antibodies among children in Chennai city, India","volume":"67","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0398","article-title":"Leptospirosis in American Samoa 2010: epidemiology, environmental drivers, and the management of emergence","volume":"86","author":"Lau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247763","article-title":"Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000\u20132015","volume":"16","author":"Galan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00039216","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00039216","article-title":"Seroprevalence and factors associated with Leptospira infection in an urban district of Cali, Colombia","volume":"33","author":"Escandon-Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000154","article-title":"Household transmission of Leptospira infection in urban slum communities","volume":"2","author":"Maciel","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2602.190102","article-title":"Influence of rainfall on leptospira infection and disease in a tropical urban setting, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Hacker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012","article-title":"Rapid tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis: current tools and emerging technologies","volume":"78","author":"Picardeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03797-4","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review","volume":"39","author":"Karpagam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003338","article-title":"Influence of household rat infestation on Leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment","volume":"8","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.07.005","article-title":"Carriage of Leptospira interrogans among domestic rats from an urban setting highly endemic for leptospirosis in Brazil","volume":"108","author":"de Faria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.862378\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:49:39Z","timestamp":1649944179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.862378\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.862378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.862378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"article-number":"862378"}}