{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:25:26Z","timestamp":1771489526537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009886","name":"Regione Puglia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INNOLABS-POR Puglia FESR-FSE 2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNOLABS-POR Puglia FESR-FSE 2014-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Takayasu Arteritis (TAK) increases vascular stiffness and arterial resistance. Atherosclerosis leads to similar changes. We investigated possible differences in cardiovascular remodeling between these diseases and whether the differences are correlated with immune cell expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with active TAK arteritis were compared with age- and sex-matched atherosclerotic patients (Controls). In a subpopulation of TAK patients, Treg\/Th17 cells were measured before (T0) and after 18 months (T18) of infliximab treatment. Echocardiogram, supraaortic Doppler ultrasound, and lymphocytogram were performed in all patients. Histological and immunohistochemical changes of the vessel wall were evaluated as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TAK patients have increased aortic valve dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction. The degree of dysfunction appears associated with uric acid levels. A significant increase in aortic stiffness was also observed and associated with levels of peripheral T lymphocytes. CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell infiltrates were detected in the vessel wall samples of TAK patients, whose mean percentage of Tregs was lower than Controls at T0, but increased significantly at T18. Opposite behavior was observed for Th17 cells. Finally, TAK patients were found to have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that different pathogenic mechanisms underlie vessel damage, including atherosclerosis, in TAK patients compared with Controls. The increased risk of ASCVD in TAK patients correlates directly with the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the vessel wall. Infliximab restores the normal frequency of Tregs\/Th17 in TAK patients and allows a possible reduction of steroids and immunosuppressants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.863150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T09:11:35Z","timestamp":1652692295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Takayasu Arteritis Directly Correlates With Diastolic Dysfunction and Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in the Vessel Wall: A Clinical, ex vivo and in vitro Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Cicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Desantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio G.","family":"Solimando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Cirulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Noviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Susca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Brosolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Catena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Lamanuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Saltarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Antonia","family":"Frassanito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ingravallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Resta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Montagnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00965-w","article-title":"Beyond giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis: secondary large vessel vasculitis and vasculitis mimickers","volume":"22","author":"Berti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20922","article-title":"Takayasu's arteritis: a study of 104 Italian patients","volume":"53","author":"Vanoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0120-4","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Dominguez-Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"48","article-title":"Contribution of Th2-like Treg cells to the pathogenesis of Takayasu's arteritis","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2012.740105","article-title":"Takayasu arteritis: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"31","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00371-9","article-title":"Treatment of resistant Takayasu's arteritis","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41774","article-title":"2021 American College of Rheumatology\/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"73","author":"Maz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2019.04.013","article-title":"Infliximab","volume":"146","author":"Goujon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00964-x","article-title":"Treatment of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis\u2014current and future","volume":"22","author":"Hellmich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24055","article-title":"Patterns of arterial disease in Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis","volume":"72","author":"Gribbons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-38","article-title":"OMERACT: an international initiative to improve outcome measurement in rheumatology","volume":"8","author":"Tugwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2021.25","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: literature review","volume":"36","author":"MA Hannawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oman Med J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-019-00600-8","article-title":"Early echocardiographic detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus asymptomatic for cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-008-1045-x","article-title":"A case of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with falsely normal blood pressure in patient with Takayasu's arteritis","volume":"23","author":"Sohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hear Vessel."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02203-1","article-title":"Involvement of the pulmonary arteries in patients with Takayasu arteritis: A prospective study from a single centre in China","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002916","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002916","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease : an emerging clinical problem","volume":"9","author":"Poels","year":"2021"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.100819","article-title":"Spotlight on cardiovascular scoring systems in Covid-19: severity correlations in real-world setting","volume":"46","author":"Mozzini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","volume":"100","author":"Incalza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa201","article-title":"Prognostic Metrics associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis signaling evaluate the burden of adverse clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"66","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.011","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-1\u03b2 and reduction in atherothrombotic cardiovascular events in the cantos trial","volume":"76","author":"Everett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05080","article-title":"Evolution of aortic wall thickness and stiffness with atherosclerosis: long-term follow up from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13221-015-0033-z","article-title":"Mechanical stretch: physiological and pathological implications for human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Jufri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc Cell."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.04.029","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease","volume":"78","author":"Sprague","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215672","article-title":"2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis","volume":"79","author":"Hellmich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker380","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of infliximab in refractory Takayasu arteritis: French multicentre study","volume":"51","author":"Mekinian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"2017 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)","volume":"39","author":"Aboyans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.018","article-title":"Estimating longitudinal risks and benefits from cardiovascular preventive therapies among medicare patients: the million hearts longitudinal ASCVD risk assessment tool: a special report from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology","volume":"69","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.10.004","article-title":"Right atrium enlargement is related to increased heart damage and mortality in well-controlled hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Cicco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/life10100247","article-title":"Right heart changes impact on clinical phenotype of amyloid cardiac involvement: a single centre study","volume":"10","author":"Cicco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059639","article-title":"Distensibility of the ascending aorta: comparison of invasive and non-invasive techniques in healthy men and in men with coronary arterydisease","volume":"11","author":"Stefanadis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.9.1751","article-title":"The North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial","volume":"30","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7527953","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs): two potential targets for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"2020","author":"Cicco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161116666171226124959","article-title":"Serum uric acid is independently associated with diastolic dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects with essential hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10093834","article-title":"Optimal method to stimulate cytokine production and its use in immunotoxicity assessment","volume":"10","author":"Ai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.7979","article-title":"The influence of glucocorticoids on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis","volume":"104","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"South African Med J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000383830.37815.3c","article-title":"Hypertension in Takayasu's arteritis: PP","volume":"28","author":"Ben Dhaou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1002.105135","article-title":"Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period","volume":"105","author":"Benetos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.34534","article-title":"Echocardiographic indices of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in hypertensive patients with preserved LVEF classified as dippers and non-dippers","volume":"9","author":"Mozdzan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05285","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone and left ventricular diastolic function in treatment-na\u00efve patients with hypertension: tissue-Doppler imaging study","volume":"65","author":"Catena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10370","article-title":"Uric acid is a strong risk marker for developing hypertension from prehypertension","volume":"71","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.03.045","article-title":"Elevated serum uric acid increases risks for developing high LDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia: a five-year cohort study in Japan","volume":"261","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12331","article-title":"Uricaemia and left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients","volume":"44","author":"Catena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.12.013","article-title":"Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review","volume":"78","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.2.577","article-title":"The role of hyperuricemia in the increased cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide challenge in neutropenic mice","volume":"89","author":"Netea","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005050572","article-title":"Uric acid-induced C-reactive protein expression: Implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells","volume":"16","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.2.258","article-title":"Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200407-JLR200","article-title":"Prooxidant and antioxidant properties of human serum ultrafiltrates toward LDL: important role of uric acid","volume":"44","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247148","article-title":"Uric acid induces endothelial dysfunction by vascular insulin resistance associated with the impairment of nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00075.2008","article-title":"Uric acid decreases NO production and increases arginase activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells","volume":"295","author":"Zharikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2741\/3950","article-title":"Uric acid, hyperuricemia and vascular diseases","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2006.10.008","article-title":"Nitrosation of uric acid induced by nitric oxide under aerobic conditions","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide Biol Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f240bf","article-title":"Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system","volume":"26","author":"Corry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"191","article-title":"Clinical implications of left atrial enlargement: a review","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.100900","article-title":"The most severe paradigm of early cardiovascular disease: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. Focus on the role of Oxidative Stress","author":"Mozzini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.05.051","article-title":"Left atrium dilatation and left ventricular hypertrophy predispose to atrial fibrillation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"124","author":"Cangemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22406","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022406","article-title":"Complete blood count reflecting the disease status of giant cell arteritis: a retrospective study of Chinese patients","volume":"99","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.8.666","article-title":"Lymphocyte subpopulations analysis in peripheral blood in polymyalgia rheumatica\/glant cell arteritis","volume":"32","author":"Macchioni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMRA022694","article-title":"Medium- and large-vessel vasculitis","volume":"349","author":"Weyand","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic factors for aortic dilatation in giant cell arteritis \u2013 a longitudinal study","volume":"51","author":"Jud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-021-00553-0","article-title":"The relationship between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in hypertensives: a cross-sectional study","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00574.x","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"220","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03643.x","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 and adenosine are both released by endothelial cells during hypothermic preservation","volume":"152","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000257774.55970.f4","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 activates integrin-dependent homing of endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"100","author":"Chavakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200704015","article-title":"Cells migrating to sites of tissue damage in response to the danger signal HMGB1 require NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"179","author":"Palumbo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61077-6","article-title":"Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis","volume":"372","author":"Salvarani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03921.x","article-title":"Translational mini-review series on immunology of vascular disease: mechanisms of vascular inflammation and remodelling in systemic vasculitis","volume":"156","author":"Maugeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.863150\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T09:11:39Z","timestamp":1652692299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.863150\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.863150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.863150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"article-number":"863150"}}