{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:43:02Z","timestamp":1778190182766,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to describe the characteristics, epidemiology, management, and outcomes of glaucoma in pediatric patients in central China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study retrospectively analyzed inpatients with pediatric glaucoma at Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, and Henan Eye Hospital between 2017 and 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 239 cases (276 eyes) of pediatric glaucoma in patients, comprising 87 girls (36.40%) and 152 boys (63.60%) were analyzed. The mean age was 6.65 \u00b1 4.46, and 2.93% of the patients had a family history of glaucoma. Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) was the most common type of glaucoma, followed by traumatic glaucoma in 8.33% of the patients, which was considered secondary glaucoma. The most common signs and symptoms were elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and eye pain. Trabeculotomy (Trab) and microcatheter-assisted 360\u00b0 trabeculotomy (MAT) combined with Trab were the most commonly performed surgeries. The IOP of patients with PCG, juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG), and secondary glaucoma were 15.27 \u00b1 7.48 mmHg, 17.16 \u00b1 10.05, and 18.65 \u00b1 8.55, respectively, at the final follow up. The rate of re-operations in patients with PCG, JOAG, and secondary glaucoma were 9.15%, 6.78%, and 4.69%, respectively. The mean visual acuity of the eyes with PCG, JOAG, and secondary glaucoma was 0.79 \u00b1 0.68, 0.51 \u00b1 0.48, and 0.53 \u00b1 0.50, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PCG, JOAG, and traumatic glaucoma were the most prevalent subtypes in patients with pediatric glaucoma in central China. Trab and MAT combined with Trab were the most common interventions used in this study. Pediatric amblyopia might require full attention during the entire treatment, especially after glaucoma surgery. Effective preventive measures and more public education on glaucoma prevention and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment is necessary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.874369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1648791602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical Analysis of Pediatric Glaucoma in Central China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changgeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangzeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20070701-04","article-title":"Causes of visual impairment in children: a study of 3,210 cases","volume":"44","author":"Haddad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.12809\/hkmj208833","article-title":"Paediatric glaucoma in Hong Kong: a multicentre retrospective analysis of epidemiology, presentation, clinical interventions, and outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Baig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0447-6","article-title":"Intraoperative real-time image-guided ab externo canaloplasty","volume":"33","author":"Frisina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00181-8","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy: qualitative investigation of the conjunctival and corneal surface in open angle glaucomatous patients undergoing the XEN-Gel implant, trabeculectomy or medical therapy","volume":"7","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1350","article-title":"The British Infantile and Childhood Glaucoma (BIG) eye study","volume":"48","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.41","article-title":"Incidence and clinical characteristics of childhood glaucoma: a population-based study","volume":"128","author":"Aponte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(99)70028-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of pediatric glaucoma: the Toronto experience","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J AAPOS."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_786_18","article-title":"Profile of childhood glaucoma at a tertiary center in South India","volume":"67","author":"Senthil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001336","article-title":"Childhood glaucoma: long-term outcomes of glaucoma drainage device implantation within the first 2 years of life","volume":"28","author":"Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-3941-9","article-title":"Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy using the modified Safer Surgery System augmented with MMC: its long-term outcomes of glaucoma treatment in Asian children","volume":"256","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185546","article-title":"Clinical management outcomes of childhood glaucoma suspects","volume":"12","author":"Greenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.51256.1","article-title":"Characteristics and long-term outcomes of childhood glaucoma: a retrospective-cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Surukrattanaskul","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20133083","article-title":"Profile of pediatric glaucoma patients in Shanghai eye, ear, nose and throat hospital","volume":"127","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.10.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of hospitalized pediatric glaucoma patients in Beijing Tongren Hospital","volume":"122","author":"Qiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001712","article-title":"Rolim-de-Moura C. Childhood glaucoma profile in a Brazilian tertiary care center using childhood glaucoma research network classification","volume":"30","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00779-4","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of paediatric glaucoma at a tertiary referral centre in Hong Kong","volume":"65","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(05)70248-0","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pediatric glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S45480","article-title":"Epidemiology and characteristics of childhood glaucoma: results from the Dallas Glaucoma Registry","volume":"7","author":"Fung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.04.23","article-title":"Childhood glaucoma profile in Dakahelia, Egypt: a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Mokbel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(65)92805-9","article-title":"Genetics and the congenital glaucomas","volume":"60","author":"Shaffer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(83)90174-1","article-title":"Primary infantile glaucoma (congenital glaucoma)","volume":"28","author":"deLuise","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.8.933","article-title":"Eye injuries in children: the current picture","volume":"83","author":"MacEwen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1263","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1950","article-title":"Pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Brophy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.347","article-title":"Glaucoma-related adverse events in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study: 1-year results","volume":"130","author":"Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2006.01.003","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery with and without intraocular lens implantation","volume":"10","author":"Trivedi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J AAPOS."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20120710-06","article-title":"Trabeculectomy versus combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy in pediatric glaucoma","volume":"49","author":"Lawrence","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19980701-05","article-title":"Long-term results of trabeculectomy for congenital glaucoma","volume":"35","author":"Dureau","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00212957","article-title":"Time of diagnosis, reoperations and long-term results of goniotomy in the treatment of primary congenital glaucoma: a clinical study","volume":"20","author":"Gramer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1992.38","article-title":"Relapse following goniotomy for congenital glaucoma due to trabecular dysgenesis","volume":"6","author":"Russell-Eggitt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"321","article-title":"Prognosis of goniotomy in primary infantile glaucoma (trabeculodysgenesis)","volume":"80","author":"Shaffer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(83)34484-5","article-title":"Trabeculotomy compared to goniotomy for glaucoma in children","volume":"90","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-001-0377-3","article-title":"Correlation of postoperative axial length growth and intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma\u2013a retrospective study in trabeculotomy and goniotomy","volume":"239","author":"Kiefer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01344-2","article-title":"Goniotomy for glaucoma secondary to chronic childhood uveitis","volume":"133","author":"Freedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.6.838","article-title":"Goniosurgery for glaucoma complicating chronic childhood uveitis","volume":"122","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3181a2fa31","article-title":"Goniotomy for juvenile open-angle glaucoma","volume":"19","author":"Yeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306269","article-title":"Gonioscopy assisted transluminal trabeculotomy: an ab interno circumferential trabeculotomy for the treatment of primary congenital glaucoma and juvenile open angle glaucoma","volume":"99","author":"Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315131","article-title":"Long-term functional outcomes of different subtypes of primary congenital glaucoma","volume":"104","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.874369\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T05:40:04Z","timestamp":1648791604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.874369\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.874369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.874369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"article-number":"874369"}}