{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1789786961487,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Bloodstream infections (BSI) are one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitals; however, the pathogenic spectrum and bacterial antibiotic resistance vary across the world. Therefore, identifying the pathogenic spectrum and changes in bacterial antibiotic resistance is critical in controlling BSI and preventing the irrational use of antibiotics. This study evaluated the microbiological and clinical data of BSI patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital in Tianjin, China, to guide the selection of empirical antibiotic therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This study retrospectively analyzed the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens based on the clinical data of BSI patients presented in the ICU of a tertiary teaching hospital from 2018 to 2020. Test performance for the prediction of pathogen species was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The analysis of the data of 382 BSI cases (10.40 cases per thousand patient day) revealed the most frequently isolated microorganisms to be Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic> (11.52%), followed by Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (9.95%), Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> (9.95%), Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic> (8.12%), and Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (8.12%). Out of the isolated E. coli<\/jats:italic> and K. pneumonia<\/jats:italic> strains, 52.63, and 36.36%, respectively, were extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) positive. The antibiotic-resistance rate of the ESBL-positive strains was 30.56% for piperacillin\/tazobactam, 5.56% for imipenem, and 11.11% for tigecycline. In addition, most A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> belonged to the group of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with an antibiotic-resistance rate of 90.48% for meropenem and 16.00% for amikacin. However, polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> strains were not detected. Four strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) (4\/21, 19.05%) and one strain of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were detected, with a resistance rate of 4.76 and 2.32%, respectively. Among the isolated 55 fungal strains, C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic> was the most common one (30\/55, 56.36%), with an antibiotic-resistance rate of 5.77% for voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole. The presence of amphotericin B-or flucytosine-resistant strains was not observed. Compared with the patients with Gram-positive and fungal pathogens, patients with Gram-negative bacteria exhibited the highest sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), lowest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (P<\/jats:italic> = 0.010), lowest platelet (PLT) value (P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), highest plasma creatinine (Cr) value (P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016), and the highest procalcitonin (PCT) value (P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The AUC in the ROC curve was 0.698 for the differentiation of Gram-negative BSI from Gram-positive BSI. A cutoff value of 8.47 ng\/mL for PCT indicated a sensitivity of 56.9% and a specificity of 75.5%. The AUC in the ROC curve was 0.612 for the differentiation of bacteremia from fungemia. A cutoff value of 4.19 ng\/mL for PCT indicated a sensitivity of 56.8% and a specificity of 62.7%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Among the bloodstream infection strains in ICU, Gram-negative bacteria have the highest drug resistance rate, and will cause more serious brain damage, renal function damage and thrombocytopenia. So clinician should pay more attention to the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria in patients with bloodstream infection in ICU. The test index of PCT can be used to distinguish Gram-negative bacteremia from Gram-positive and bacteremia from fungemia but not as an effective indicator, thereby indicating the need for further large-scale research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.876207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T05:00:57Z","timestamp":1651122057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microbiological and Clinical Characteristics of Bloodstream Infections in General Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective 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