{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T09:06:24Z","timestamp":1766653584287,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluid overload (FO) is a common problem in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD), it is associated with adverse outcomes and may persist despite adjustements in PD therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility and safety of stimulated diaphoresis to reduce FO with the use of a portable sauna bath.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Open-label pilot study in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and FO. The primary outcome was the treatment-related adverse events; secondary outcomes were changes in over-hydration (OH), body weight and blood pressure, FO symptoms, and sleep quality. Dialysis prescription and daily data were recorded. The intervention period consisted in a 30-min, 45\u00b0C sauna bath, daily for 10 days, using a portable sauna bath.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-one out of 54 total sauna bath sessions were well tolerated. In three (5.5%) sessions adverse effects were reported: transient dizziness in two cases, and a second-degree skin burn in a patient with advanced diabetic neuropathy. OH (6.3 \u00b1 1.2 L vs. 5.5 \u00b1 1.3 L, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.05), body weight (67.7 \u00b1 11.4 vs. 66.8 \u00b1 3.8 kg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003), diastolic blood pressure (92 \u00b1 13.5 vs. 83 \u00b1 13.3 mmHg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and PSQI score (7.3 \u00b1 3.7 vs. 5.1 \u00b1 3.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) improved significantly between the control and intervention period, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulated diaphoresis with a portable sauna bath could be a novel, safe, and effective alternative way to reduce FO in CAPD patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm our results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: NCT03563898.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.887609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T19:33:31Z","timestamp":1663702411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Portable sauna stimulated-diaphoresis for the treatment of fluid-overload in peritoneal dialysis patients: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Maggiani-Aguilera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Navarro-Blackaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariadna Lizbeth","family":"Geraldo-Ozuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"Alcantar-Vill\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Montoya-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Luqu\u00edn-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2011.00026","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines and recommendations on peritoneal dialysis adequacy 2011","volume":"31","author":"Blake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn228","article-title":"Towards improved cardiovascular management: the necessity of combining blood pressure and fluid overload","volume":"23","author":"Wabel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr678","article-title":"Importance of normohydration for the long term survival of haemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Chazot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.154815","article-title":"Hypervolemia is associated with increased mortality among hemodialysis patients","volume":"56","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp395","article-title":"NTproBNP, fluid volume overload and dialysis modality are independent predictors of mortality in ESRD patients","volume":"25","author":"Paniagua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V62198","article-title":"Symptomatic fluid retention in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis","volume":"6","author":"Tzamaloukas","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn707","article-title":"The mortality risk of overhydration in haemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Wizemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq588","article-title":"Relations between malnutrition-infl ammationatherosclerosis and volume status. 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