{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:01:34Z","timestamp":1778518894675,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007710","name":"University of Connecticut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipid metabolism contributes to the regulation of leukocyte activity and immune responses, and may serve as a therapeutic target in the pathophysiology and clinical management of autoimmune disorders. In addition to lipid-lowering properties, statins have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects within the context of autoimmunity. Importantly, autoimmune incidence and lipid markers differ between men and women, suggesting that the relationship between lipid metabolism and immune function may vary by sex. Therefore, we investigated whether a predictive, sex-specific relationship exists between serum lipids, statin use, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)\u2014a routine clinical marker of autoimmunity and immune dysfunction\u2014in U.S. men and women (&amp;gt;20 years old; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,526) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132004. Within this population, a greater proportion of women were positive for ANA (ANA+) and had higher ANA titers, as compared to men. While we did not observe statistical differences in average total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), or triglyceride levels in ANA positive (ANA+) vs. ANA negative (ANA\u2013) men or women, we observed that a greater proportion of ANA+ women had high total cholesterol levels (&amp;gt;240 mg\/dL) when compared to ANA+ men (13.0 vs. 9.0%), and that a greater percentage of ANA+ women had low HDL-C as compared to ANA+ men (29.2 vs. 19.6%). However, in logistic regression models, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were not able to predict ANA status, whereas elevated serum triglycerides (150 to &amp;lt; 200 mg\/dL) were significantly less likely to be ANA+ vs. ANA\u2013 (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.11\u20130.92) in men only. Interestingly, women who reported taking statins have significantly lower odds of being ANA+ (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.09\u20130.76), whereas no significant association between statin use and ANA status was observed in men. Together, our findings provide novel insight into the relationship between lipid metabolism and autoimmunity by elucidating the limited, albeit sex-specific utility of routine clinical serum lipid levels to predict ANA status at the population level, while further identifying a sex-specific and protective role for statins in predicting ANA status in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.887741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T14:45:41Z","timestamp":1654094741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sex-Specific Associations Between Serum Lipids, Antinuclear Antibodies, and Statin Use in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999\u20132004"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terrence M.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05800-6","article-title":"Resolution of chronic inflammatory disease: universal and tissue-specific concepts","volume":"9","author":"Schett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1860","article-title":"Immune escape mechanisms as a guide for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Beatty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.01.002","article-title":"The regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation","volume":"51","author":"Heinzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010207","article-title":"Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060764","article-title":"Impact of dietary cholesterol on the pathophysiology of infectious and autoimmune disease","volume":"10","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78088","article-title":"Mechanisms of human autoimmunity","volume":"125","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409345","article-title":"Associations between selected xenobiotics and antinuclear antibodies in the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2004","volume":"124","author":"Dinse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"S128","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: a synopsis","volume":"20","author":"Gibofsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0806","article-title":"Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis","volume":"66","author":"Skyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"S15","article-title":"Overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and disease progression associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Tullman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071008","article-title":"Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective","volume":"173","author":"Fairweather","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1538789","article-title":"Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: causes, predictors and interventions","volume":"14","author":"Ocampo-Piraquive","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2122w","article-title":"The increased cardiovascular risk in patients affected by autoimmune diseases: review of the various manifestations","volume":"7","author":"Durante","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009122","article-title":"Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the framingham study","volume":"145","author":"Manzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn408","article-title":"Are individuals with an autoimmune disease at higher risk of a second autoimmune disorder?","volume":"169","author":"Somers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664305","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.664305","article-title":"Autoimmunity as an etiological factor of cancer: the transformative potential of chronic type 2 inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001077","article-title":"Autoimmunity as a predisposition for infectious diseases","volume":"6","author":"Maddur","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219394","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical outcomes of Covid-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Akiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.66","article-title":"New tools for classification and monitoring of autoimmune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Maecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmy024","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies: marker of diagnosis and evolution in autoimmune diseases","volume":"49","author":"Sur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22665","article-title":"Clinical criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus precede diagnosis, and associated autoantibodies are present before clinical symptoms","volume":"56","author":"Heinlen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0429","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for Antinuclear Antibodies (Ana) in a representative sample of U.S. Women","volume":"23","author":"Parks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34380","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Satoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.05.006","article-title":"Prescription medication use and antinuclear antibodies in the United States, 1999-2004","volume":"92","author":"Dinse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090188","article-title":"Autoantibodies and the risk of cardiovascular events","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.2.110","article-title":"High titres of serum antinuclear antibodies, mostly directed against nucleolar antigens, are associated with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Grainger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2021.113174","article-title":"Antinuclear Antibodies (Anas) detected by Indirect Immunofluorescence (Iif) method in Acute Covid-19 infection; future roadmap for laboratory diagnosis","volume":"499","author":"Peker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13026","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies in Covid 19","volume":"14","author":"Muratori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinim.2013.10.003","article-title":"Predictive value of antinuclear antibodies in autoimmune diseases classified by clinical criteria: analytical study in a specialized health institute, one year follow-up","volume":"5","author":"Soto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Results Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01616","article-title":"Linking Cd1-Restricted T Cells with autoimmunity and dyslipidemia: lipid levels matter","volume":"9","author":"Bagchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.11.008","article-title":"Cholesterol accumulation in Cd11c(+) immune cells is a causal and targetable factor in autoimmune disease","volume":"45","author":"Ito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.051672","article-title":"Lipids and inflammation: serial measurements of the lipid profile of blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"66","author":"van Halm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8892-9","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Szabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24677","article-title":"Dysfunctional proinflammatory high-density lipoproteins confer increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"McMahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164564","article-title":"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis show altered lipoprotein profiles with dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins that can exacerbate inflammatory and atherogenic process","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M027367","article-title":"Psoriasis alters Hdl composition and cholesterol efflux capacity","volume":"53","author":"Holzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21976","article-title":"Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"McMahon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000561","article-title":"Effects of statin therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"109","author":"Artola","year":"2016","journal-title":"South Med J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.013","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systemic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.091967","article-title":"Hyperlipidaemia, statin use and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"68","author":"Jick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700510-JLR200","article-title":"Cellular Sr-Bi and Abca1-mediated cholesterol efflux are gender-specific in healthy subjects","volume":"49","author":"Catalano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121236","article-title":"Overview of cotinine cutoff values for smoking status classification","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (Ncep) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)","volume":"285","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R38","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3271","article-title":"Risk factors for Ana positivity in healthy persons","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400909","article-title":"Range of antinuclear antibodies in \u201cHealthy\u201d individuals","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(94)01532-Q","article-title":"Antinuclear antibodies in healthy aging people: a prospective study","volume":"78","author":"Xavier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046052","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Majka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.05.003","article-title":"Environmental influences on systemic lupus erythematosus expression","volume":"40","author":"Kamen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030365","article-title":"Gender dictates the relationship between serum lipids and leukocyte counts in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999(-)2004","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004","article-title":"Gender differences in autoimmune disease","volume":"35","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78084","article-title":"Autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases: specificity and pathogenicity","volume":"125","author":"Suurmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaap9415","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aap9415","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha contributes to T cell-mediated autoimmune inflammation by promoting T cell activation and proliferation","volume":"11","author":"Mohammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Signal."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0120-4","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Dominguez-Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru167","article-title":"Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination","volume":"109","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2120","article-title":"Immune cells have sex and so should journal articles","volume":"153","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0655","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Harel-Meir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00318","article-title":"B cell dysfunction associated with aging and autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21777","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4970","article-title":"Thymic involution beyond T-cell insufficiency","volume":"6","author":"Coder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/ar76","article-title":"Risk for rheumatic disease in relation to ethnicity and admixture","volume":"2","author":"Molokhia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00412-6","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of aging on humoral immune responses to repeated influenza vaccination in older adults","volume":"6","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14396-9","article-title":"Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging","volume":"11","author":"Marquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314520838","article-title":"Smoking is not associated with autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, unaffected first-degree relatives, nor healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211675","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus, overall and by anti-double stranded DNA antibody subtype, in the nurses' health study cohorts","volume":"77","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.039438","article-title":"Association of smoking with dsDNA autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Freemer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.07.001","article-title":"Obesity in autoimmune diseases: not a passive bystander","volume":"13","author":"Versini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22286","article-title":"High BMI: a new determinant of impaired rubella immunity during pregnancy?","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000851","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000851","article-title":"Narrowing sex differences in lipoprotein cholesterol subclasses following mid-life: the Very Large Database of Lipids (Vldl-10b)","volume":"3","author":"Swiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(91)90022-U","article-title":"Fat distribution and gender differences in serum lipids in men and women from four European Communities","volume":"87","author":"Seidell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00294.x","article-title":"Differential impact of aging and gender on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in a cohort of healthy Chinese Singaporeans","volume":"9","author":"Goh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.05.008","article-title":"Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Palmisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2061","article-title":"Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902372","article-title":"ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 negatively regulates thymocyte and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation","volume":"184","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01664","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism in T cells","volume":"8","author":"Bietz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.07.003","article-title":"The association of plasma lipids with white blood cell counts: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.12.016","article-title":"The association of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels with total and differential leukocyte counts: results of a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the UK Biobank","volume":"319","author":"Tucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P067686","article-title":"Association of peripheral differential leukocyte counts with dyslipidemia risk in Chinese patients with hypertension: insight from the China stroke primary prevention trial","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M059089","article-title":"Inflammatory remodeling of the HDL proteome impairs cholesterol efflux capacity","volume":"56","author":"Vaisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60207a","article-title":"Dietary approaches to improving atheroprotective HDL functions","volume":"4","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-013-3780-8","article-title":"Egg consumption modulates HDL lipid composition and increases the cholesterol-accepting capacity of serum in metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241463","article-title":"Selective hepatic insulin resistance, VLDL overproduction, and hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"32","author":"Sparks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304615","article-title":"Lipolysis, and not hepatic lipogenesis, is the primary modulator of triglyceride levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice","volume":"35","author":"Willecke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00900.x","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction and hypertriglyceridemia: mechanisms and management","volume":"12","author":"van de Woestijne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.09.016","article-title":"The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function","volume":"79","author":"Calder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-213595","article-title":"Obesity accelerates thymic aging","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00103","article-title":"The sexual dimorphism of lipid kinetics in humans","volume":"6","author":"Santosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3028","article-title":"Simvastatin treatment ameliorates autoimmune disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in a murine lupus model","volume":"177","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7416","article-title":"Atorvastatin restores Lck expression and lipid raft-associated signaling in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"177","author":"Jury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060627","article-title":"Sex differences in the effectiveness of statins after myocardial infarction","volume":"176","author":"Karp","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0562-9","article-title":"Women versus men: is there equal benefit and safety from statins?","volume":"18","author":"Plakogiannis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.02.016","article-title":"Gender differences in side effects and attitudes regarding statin use in the understanding statin use in America and gaps in patient education (Usage) study","volume":"10","author":"Karalis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S325","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2038","article-title":"Intolerance to statins: mechanisms and management","volume":"36","author":"Bitzur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.887741\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T14:45:49Z","timestamp":1654094749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.887741\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.887741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.887741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"article-number":"887741"}}