{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:20:45Z","timestamp":1779916845370,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary actinomycosis (PA), a chronic indolent infection, is a diagnostic challenge. <jats:italic>Actinomyces graevenitzii<\/jats:italic> is a relatively rare Actinomyces species isolated from various clinical samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 47-year-old patient presented with a 3-month history of mucopurulent expectoration and dyspnea and a 3-day history of fever up to 39.0\u00b0C. He had dental caries and a history of alcoholism. Computed tomography (CT) images of the chest revealed a consolidation shadow in the right upper and middle lobes, with necrosis containing foci of air. <jats:italic>Actinomyces graevenitzii<\/jats:italic> was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) culture and was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. He received treatment with intravenous piperacillin-sulbactam for 10 days and oral amoxicillin-clavulanate for 7 months. His clinical condition had considerably improved. The consolidation shadow was gradually absorbed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary actinomycosis are crucial. Bronchoscopy plays a key role in the diagnostic process, and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF\/MS) is an accurate tool for <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> identification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.916817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1654835508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pulmonary Actinomyces graevenitzii Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziliang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenchuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S39601","article-title":"Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management.","volume":"7","author":"Valour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OD15","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/27593.10092","article-title":"Pulmonary actinomycosis in a patient with AIDS\/HCV.","volume":"11","author":"Tabarsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3181d10a93","article-title":"Nonresolving pneumonia.","volume":"18","author":"Kheir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.493","article-title":"A pulmonary infection by Actinomyces odontolyticus and Veillonella atypica in an immunocompetent patient with dental caries.","volume":"7","author":"Crisafulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"720","article-title":"Pulmonary Actinomyces-viscosus infection.","volume":"109","author":"Mosimann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2021.101530","article-title":"Actinomyces meyeri pleural infection that was difficult to treat due to delayed culture: a case report and literature review of 28 cases.","volume":"34","author":"Shimoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0809","article-title":"Empyema necessitatis revisited.","volume":"20","author":"Llamas-Velasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_706_17","article-title":"Actinomyces naeslundii causing pulmonary endobronchial Actinomycosis - 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