{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:06:09Z","timestamp":1753891569981,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"Aim<\/jats:title>The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of and the gender differences in the use of professional home care in Germany.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We used harmonized data from three large cohort studies from Germany (\u201cHealthy Aging: Gender-specific trajectories into the latest life\u201d; AgeDifferent.de Platform). Data were available for 5,393 older individuals (75 years and older). Mean age was 80.2 years (SD: 4.1 years), 66.6% were female. Professional homecare outcome variables were use of outpatient nursing care, paid household assistance, and meals on wheels' services. Logistic regression models were used, adjusting for important sociodemographic variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Altogether 5.2% of older individuals used outpatient nursing care (6.2% women and 3.2% men; p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 24.2% used paid household assistance (26.1% women and 20.5% men; p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and 4.4% used meals on wheels' services (4.5% women and 4.0% men; p<\/jats:italic> = 0.49). Regression analysis revealed that women had higher odds of using paid household assistance than men (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: [1.24\u20131.76]; p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), whereas they had lower odds of using meals on wheels' services (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: [0.42\u20130.97]; p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences in using outpatient nursing care between women and men were found (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: [0.87\u20131.81]; p<\/jats:italic> = 0.225). Further, the use of home care was mainly associated with health-related variables (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease) and walking impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Our study showed that gender differences exist in using paid household assistance and in culinary dependency. For example, meals on wheels' services are of great importance (e.g., for individuals living alone or for individuals with low social support). Gender differences were not identified regarding outpatient nursing care. Use of professional home care services may contribute to maintaining autonomy and independence in old age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.924818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T06:26:36Z","timestamp":1662099996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frequency and gender differences in the use of professional home care in late life. Findings from three German old-age cohorts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta W.","family":"Buczak-Stec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Hajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pabst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Brettschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"van den Bussche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgitt","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Weyerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Werle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hoell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pentzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Luppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"L\u00f6bner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Weeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edelgard","family":"M\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Heser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Angermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffi G.","family":"Riedel-Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Helmut","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-111841","article-title":"Einflussfaktoren auf die Pflegebed\u00fcrftigkeit im L\u00e4ngsschnitt [Longitudinal Predictors of the Need for Care]","volume":"79","author":"Hajek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4867-6","article-title":"Formal home care use by older adults: trajectories and determinants in the Lc65+ cohort","volume":"20","author":"Dupraz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt124","article-title":"Aging in Sweden: Local variation, local control","volume":"54","author":"Davey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-0893-1","article-title":"Interactions between drugs and geriatric syndromes in nursing home and home care: results from Shelter and IBenC projects","volume":"30","author":"Onder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin Experi Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2101-y","article-title":"Factors associated with preferences for long-term care settings in old age: evidence from a population-based survey in Germany","volume":"17","author":"Hajek","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2003.00803.x","article-title":"Home care with regard to definition, care recipients, content and outcome: systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Thom\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000360698","article-title":"Elder self-neglect is associated with an increased rate of 30-day hospital readmission: Findings from the Chicago health and aging project","volume":"61","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afab208","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab208","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition risk among older French adults with culinary dependence","volume":"51","author":"Van Wymelbeke-Delannoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa109","article-title":"Implementing nutrition education programs in congregate dining service settings: A scoping review","volume":"62","author":"Juckett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1021-9","article-title":"Selenium concentrations and mortality among community-dwelling older adults: Results from ilSIRENTE study","volume":"22","author":"Giovannini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp183","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase levels and mortality in frail community-living elderly individuals","author":"Giovannini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gerontol: Series A."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01225.x","article-title":"Factors associated with use of community support services in an older Australian population","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"39","article-title":"Gender differences in use and availability of home and community-based services for people with dementia","volume":"40","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canad J Nurs Res Arch."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.05.009","article-title":"Gender differences in health status, quality of life, and community service needs of older adults living alone","volume":"83","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2524.2002.00380.x","article-title":"What determines the use of home care services by elderly people?","volume":"10","author":"Stoddart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2004.00291.x","article-title":"Determinants and characteristics of help provision for elderly people living at home and in relation to quality of life","volume":"18","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1138-7","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of informal and formal caregiving time in community-dwelling dementia patients","volume":"51","author":"Hajek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02069-1","article-title":"Social factors influencing utilization of home care in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Mah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111500","article-title":"Gender-linked determinants for utilization of long-term care in community-dwelling adults 65+in Germany: Results from the population-based KORA-Age study","volume":"153","author":"Steinbeisser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experi Gerontol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-008-0094-4","article-title":"Determinants of home-based formal help in community-dwelling older people in Finland","volume":"5","author":"Blomgren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.3.250","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia according to DSM\u2013III\u2013R and ICD\u221210: results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+) part 1","volume":"179","author":"Riedel-Heller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e716","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X687337","article-title":"Determinants of health-related quality of life in older primary care patients: results of the longitudinal observational AgeCoDe study","volume":"65","author":"Eisele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Gene Pract."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01495-2","article-title":"Frequent attendance in primary care in the oldest old: evidence from the AgeCoDe-AgeQualiDe study","volume":"32","author":"Buczak-Stec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Experi Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.001","article-title":"Unmet care needs of the oldest old with late-life depression: A comparison of patient, caring relative and general practitioner perceptions\u2013results of the AgeMooDe study","volume":"205","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.047","article-title":"Are older men more vulnerable to depression than women after losing their spouse? Evidence from three German old-age cohorts (AgeDifferent.de platform)","volume":"256","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000519709","article-title":"Factors leading to institutionalization among the oldest old: Longitudinal findings from the AgeCoDe-AgeQualiDe study","volume":"2021","author":"Hajek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa185","article-title":"Planning to move into a nursing home in old age: does sexual orientation matter?","volume":"50","author":"Buczak-Stec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2307\/2336755","article-title":"Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates","volume":"80","author":"Firth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrika."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1300\/J052v17n02_02","article-title":"The social significance of food and eating in the lives of older recipients of meals on wheels","volume":"17","author":"Locher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr Elderly."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464818820226","article-title":"\u201cIt's not just a simple meal. it's so much more\u201d: interactions between Meals on Wheels clients and drivers","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980810000371","article-title":"\u2018It is nice to see someone coming in': Exploring the Social Objectives of Meals-on-Wheels. Canadian","volume":"29","author":"Timonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Aging\/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"47","article-title":"Why don't men seek help? Family physicians' perspectives on help-seeking behavior in men","volume":"48","author":"Tudiver","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Family Pract."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200561","article-title":"Public stigma and self-stigma: Differential association with attitudes toward formal and informal help seeking","volume":"65","author":"Pattyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatric Serv."},{"volume-title":"Gender Influences on Help Seeking Among Men and Women With Chronic Pain","year":"2014","author":"LaGrange","key":"B35"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-124663","article-title":"Langzeitpflegepr\u00e4ferenzen der \u00c4lteren in Deutschland \u2013 Ergebnisse einer bev\u00f6lkerungsrepr\u00e4sentativen Umfrage [Long-Term Care Preferences Among Individuals of Advanced Age in Germany: Results of a Population-Based Study]","volume":"80","author":"Hajek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5548","article-title":"Correlates of institutionalization among the oldest old\u2014Evidence from the multicenter AgeCoDe-AgeQualiDe study","volume":"36","author":"Hajek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Geriat Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.924818\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T06:26:45Z","timestamp":1662100005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.924818\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.924818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.924818","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-858X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"article-number":"924818"}}