{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:46:20Z","timestamp":1768592780226,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to create and validate a useful score system predicting the hyper-inflammatory conditions of COVID-19, by comparing it with the modified H-score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 98 patients with pneumonia (without oxygen therapy) who received initial administration of casirivimab\/imdevimab or remdesivir were included in the study. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups: patients who required corticosteroid due to deterioration of pneumonia, assessed by chest X-ray or CT or respiratory failure, and those who did not, and clinical parameters were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were detected in respiratory rate, breaths\/min, SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, body temperature, AST, LDH, ferritin, and IFN-\u03bb3 between the two groups. Based on the data, we created a corticosteroid requirement score: (1) the duration of symptom onset to treatment initiation \u2265 7 d, (2) the respiratory rate \u2265 22 breaths\/min, (3) the SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2264 95%, (4) BT \u2265 38.5\u00b0C, (5) AST levels \u2265 40 U\/L, (6) LDH levels \u2265 340 U\/L, (7) ferritin levels \u2265 800 ng\/mL, and (8) IFN-\u03bb3 levels \u2265 20 pg\/mL. These were set as parameters of the steroid predicting score. Results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the steroid predicting score (AUC: 0.792, 95%CI: 0.698\u20130.886) was significantly higher than that of the modified H-score (AUC: 0.633, 95%CI: 0.502\u20130.764).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The steroid predicting score may be useful to predict the requirement of corticosteroid therapy in patients with COVID-19. The data may provide important information to facilitate a prospective study on a larger scale in this field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.935255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:57:23Z","timestamp":1660021043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a novel score model to predict hyperinflammation in COVID-19 as a forecast of optimal steroid administration timing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasutaka","family":"Hirasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Koshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Kinouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Isaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Shionoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Tsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020144","article-title":"Cytokine storm in COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and therapy","volume":"58","author":"Zanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0.2017"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136764","article-title":"Dexamethasone for severe COVID-19: how does it work at cellular and molecular levels?","volume":"22","author":"Kino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01500-9","article-title":"Calming the cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Cron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20587384211063976","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211063976","article-title":"Systemic corticosteroids for management of COVID-19: saving lives or causing harm?","volume":"35","author":"FakhriRavari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27068","article-title":"Cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"93","author":"G\u00fcrsoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01706-0","article-title":"Assessment of the Hscore as a predictor of disease outcome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Bordbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31057-6","article-title":"Is the Hscore useful in COVID-19?","volume":"395","author":"Leverenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Guide for Medical Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infections (7th edition)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035002","article-title":"REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers\u2014Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab)2021"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108163","article-title":"REGEN-COV antibody combination and outcomes in outpatients with Covid-19","volume":"385","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"ACTT-1 study group members. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19: final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab712","article-title":"Deconstructing the treatment effect of Remdesivir in the adaptive COVID-19 treatment Trial-1: implications for critical care resource utilization","volume":"74","author":"Fintzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians","volume":"75","author":"Nahm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/428577","article-title":"Can routine laboratory tests discriminate between severe acute respiratory syndrome and other causes of community-acquired pneumonia?","volume":"40","author":"Muller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1177","article-title":"Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): a randomized, double-blind, Phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Jeronimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Adults with COVID-192022"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R700004200","article-title":"The interferons: 50 years after their discovery there is much more to learn","volume":"282","author":"Pestka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.777102","article-title":"Contribution of type III interferons to antiviral immunity: location, location, location","volume":"292","author":"Kotenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01091-0","article-title":"Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Diamond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02674","article-title":"Macrophage coordination of the interferon lambda immune response","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S301476","article-title":"Interferon-\u03bb3 exacerbates the inflammatory response to microbial ligands: implications for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Read","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145145","article-title":"Serum CCL17 level becomes a predictive marker to distinguish between mild\/moderate and severe\/critical disease in patients with COVID-19","volume":"766","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases. 20211118_genome_weekly_lineagejapan"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Guide for Medical Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infections (5th edition)"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"About Special Approval of Novel Coronavirus Therapeutic Drug"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.935255\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:57:30Z","timestamp":1660021050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.935255\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.935255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.935255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"article-number":"935255"}}