{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:56:00Z","timestamp":1792605360522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1144819N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1144819N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007660","name":"Universiteit Antwerpen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["35018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder for which no diagnostic tools are currently available. Patients are diagnosed using the Rome IV criteria and subtyped into a diarrhea, constipation, or mixed phenotype based on their dominant stool pattern. A recent development in the biomarker area is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of VOCs as diagnostic and phenotypic biomarkers for IBS in breath and fecal samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breath and fecal samples from IBS patients and healthy asymptomatic controls (HC) were analyzed with multicapillary column\/ion mobility spectrometry (MCC\/IMS) and classification models were created based upon VOCs and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Irritable bowel syndrome patients were differentiated from HC by means of volatile profiling in both breath and fecal samples with area under the curve (AUCs) of respectively 0.62 and 0.80. Patient subtypes could also be differentiated from each other with AUCs ranging between 0.65 and 0.78. Furthermore, VOC models could differentiate IBS patients based on clinical characteristics like psychological comorbidities and microbiota-influencing therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to demonstrate the use of VOC profiling with the help of MCC\/IMS to differentiate IBS patients. Furthermore, the importance of clinical characteristics beside the dominant stool pattern in the differentiation of IBS patients was emphasized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.960000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T13:12:19Z","timestamp":1659618739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Volatile organic compound profiling as a potential biomarker in irritable bowel syndrome: A feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Van Malderen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Hanning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Lambrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Haverhals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Van Marcke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Ceuleers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris G.","family":"De Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedicte Y.","family":"De Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lamote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko U.","family":"De Schepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S40245","article-title":"The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Canavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/J.GASTRO.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional gastrointestinal disorders, results of rome foundation global study.","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01456.x","article-title":"The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects.","volume":"17","author":"Hungin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90738-6","article-title":"Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"109","author":"Talley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15137","article-title":"Mast cells and irritable bowel syndrome: from the bench to the bedside.","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motility."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.07.009","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.","volume":"44","author":"Defrees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Care."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1288096","article-title":"Biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for irritable bowel syndrome: where are we?","volume":"11","author":"Camilleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1494571","article-title":"Chronic abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome\u2013current and future therapies.","volume":"11","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6528-y","article-title":"Proton transfer reaction\u2013mass spectrometry: online and rapid determination of volatile organic compounds of microbial origin.","volume":"99","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102725","article-title":"Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"54","author":"van Malderen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.055","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in feces associate with response to dietary intervention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"16","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13654","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in breath as markers for irritable bowel syndrome: a metabolomic approach.","volume":"44","author":"Baranska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107312","article-title":"Differentiating coeliac disease from irritable bowel syndrome by urinary volatile organic compound analysis - A pilot study.","volume":"9","author":"Arasaradnam","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058204","article-title":"An investigation of fecal volatile organic metabolites in irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13822","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and active inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed by faecal gas analysis.","volume":"45","author":"Aggio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0B013E31829A91F6","article-title":"Analysis of volatile organic compounds of bacterial origin in chronic gastrointestinal diseases.","volume":"19","author":"Walton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/S11306-014-0650-1","article-title":"Application of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) in conjunction with multivariate classification for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.","volume":"10","author":"Cauchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolomics."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/2\/026001","article-title":"The use of a gas chromatograph coupled to a metal oxide sensor for rapid assessment of stool samples from irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease patients.","volume":"8","author":"Shepherd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Breath Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77374-7","article-title":"The pathophysiology of bile acid diarrhoea: differences in the colonic microbiome, metabolome and bile acids.","volume":"10","author":"Sagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/CHEMOSENSORS6030029","article-title":"Application of fecal volatile organic compound analysis in clinical practice: current state and future perspectives.","volume":"6","author":"El Hassani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosensors."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3748\/WJG.V22.I4.1639","article-title":"Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds.","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/J.GASTRO.2016.02.031","article-title":"Bowel disorders.","volume":"150","author":"Lacy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B23","year":"2022","journal-title":"WMADeclaration of Helsinki \u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects \u2013 WMA \u2013 The World Medical Association."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12127-013-0140-6","article-title":"Development of a device to measure MCC-IMS peaks of pure analytes (IMS-BOX).","volume":"16","author":"Kreuer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Ion Mob Spectr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/4\/046001","article-title":"Detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma in exhaled breath by multicapillary column\/ion mobility spectrometry (MCC\/IMS).","volume":"10","author":"Lamote","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Breath Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700919","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00919-2017","article-title":"Exhaled breath to screen for malignant pleural mesothelioma: a validation study.","volume":"50","author":"Lamote","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACA.2018.03.046","article-title":"Volatile metabolites in breath strongly correlate with gut microbiome in CD patients.","volume":"1025","author":"Smolinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30023-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"1","author":"Holtmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/APT.16322","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of a novel classification system for irritable bowel syndrome: natural history and prognostic value.","volume":"53","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.14309\/AJG.0000000000000975","article-title":"Novel method to classify and subgroup patients with IBS based on gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological profiles.","volume":"116","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.960000\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T13:12:48Z","timestamp":1659618768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.960000\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.960000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.960000","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"article-number":"960000"}}