{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:31:14Z","timestamp":1769819474744,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>There exist numerous reports on violence in South American populations which shed a particular light on life and living conditions in those historic communities. Most studies have been performed on collections of isolated skulls. Whole-body investigations especially on well-preserved mummified human remains are rare. In the present study we investigated three South American mummies predating the Colonial Spanish period. The \u201cMarburg\u201d man lived between 996 and 1147 CE and was buried in typical burial bundle. The analysis of the textiles, ceramics and fishing tools associated with his naturally mummified body suggests that he most likely originated from the Arica region in Northern Chile and was possibly part of a fishing community. The \u201cDel\u00e9mont\u201d natural mummies belong to an adult male and an adult female, respectively. The mummies, the textiles and grave goods were investigated. The ceramics suggest a provenance from the Arequipa region, supposing that all the artifacts were originally associated with the two mummies. The Del\u00e9mont male mummy is <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C dated between 902 and 994 CE and the \u201cDel\u00e9mont\u201d female mummy <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C dated between 1224 and 1282 CE. All mummies underwent Multidetector Computed Tomography which showed evidence of trauma, some of which were interpreted as evidence of interpersonal violence. An interdisciplinary approach was applied with the particular intention to identify trauma sequels and to evaluate their paleo-forensic potential. Evidence of violence was identified in the two male individuals. Our study provides evidence that the interdisciplinary investigation of well-preserved human remains may detect much more frequent traces of intentional trauma than previously thought. Particularly, trauma against the body may not be identified in studies on skulls alone, and trauma residues of internal organs\/soft tissues will only be seen in mummies. We therefore add further evidence of two cases of (lethal) trauma in pre-colonial South-American male individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.962793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1662697398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trauma of bone and soft tissues in South American mummies\u2014New cases provide further insight into violence and lethal outcome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Begerock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Loynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver K.","family":"Peschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Verano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Bianucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Martinez Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas G.","family":"Nerlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20315","article-title":"Interpersonal violence in prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama, Chile: behavioural implications of environmental stress.","volume":"130","author":"Torres-Rouff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20565","article-title":"Trauma and violence in the Wari empire of the Peruvian Andes: warfare, raids, and ritual fights.","volume":"133","author":"Tung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1095","article-title":"Perimortem trauma in the Atacama desert social violence the late formative period (2500-1700 years BP).","volume":"20","author":"Standen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarcheol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21536","article-title":"Hiding inequality beneath prosperity: patterns of cranial injury in middle period San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile.","volume":"146","author":"Torres-Rouff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22662","article-title":"Bioarchaeological contributions to the study of violence.","volume":"156","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yearbook Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089528","article-title":"Reconstructing the life of an unknown (ca. 500 years-old South American Inca) mummy \u2013 multidisciplinary study of a Peruvian Inca mummy suggests severe Chagas disease and ritual homicide.","volume":"9","author":"Panzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24005","article-title":"Endemic violence in a pre-hispanic Andean community: a bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru.","volume":"172","author":"Scaffidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaa.2021.101324","article-title":"Violence among the first horticulturists in the Atacama desert (1000 BCE \u2013 600 CE).","volume":"63","author":"Standen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anthropol Archaeol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0842-z","article-title":"Unique paleopathology in a pre-Columbian mummy remnant from Southern Peru\u2014severe cervical rotation trauma with subluxation of the axis as cause of death.","volume":"153","author":"Sokiranski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"6","article-title":"200 years a woman, 1000 years a man: the case of the Marburg mummy.","volume":"16","author":"Begerock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Arqueolog\u00eda P\u00fablica."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p. 120","DOI":"10.32873\/unl.dc.zea.1208","article-title":"La momia de Marburg: su recontextualizaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de su ajuar y ofrenda textile.","author":"Mart\u00ednez Armijo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th PreColumbian Textile Conference."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Le D\u00e9mocrate April 18th 1953, quoted in \u201cLe retour de la momie\u201d","author":"Gu\u00e9nait","year":"2016","journal-title":"Le retour de la Momie. Exhibition Catalogue to the Exhibition at the Mus\u00e9e Juraissien d\u2019art et d\u2019Histoire, Del\u00e9mont, Switzerland"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"41","article-title":"Deutsches Arch\u00e4ologisches Institut Editor.","author":"Kaulicke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Arch\u00e4ologie"},{"key":"B14","author":"Acs\u00e1di","year":"1970","journal-title":"History of Human Life Span and Mortality."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2005.07.002","article-title":"Recommendations for the forensic diagnosis of sex and age from skeletons.","volume":"58","author":"R\u00f6sing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Homo."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22087","article-title":"Stature and body mass estimation from skeletal remains in the European Holocene.","volume":"148","author":"Ruff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.008","article-title":"The problem of aging human remains and living individuals: a review.","volume":"193","author":"Cunha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Intl."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12683","article-title":"The use of CT scans in estimating age at death by examining the extent of ectocranial suture closure.","volume":"60","author":"Boyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"104","article-title":"Two-digit system of designating teeth.","volume":"21","year":"1971","journal-title":"Intl Dental J."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"233","article-title":"Formen machen Leute- Kopfdeformation im westlichen S\u00fcdamerika.","author":"Begerock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sch\u00e4delkult"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"163","article-title":"The paleopathology of arteriosclerosis and ischemic heart disease in mummies from ancient Egypt.","volume":"10","author":"Zink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eres Arqueologia Bioanthropologia."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13523J","article-title":"Comparison of postmortem autolysis in cardiac and skeletal muscle.","volume":"38","author":"Tokunaga","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"156","article-title":"Pathomorphological and pathophysiological aspects of fracture healing and their application to historic fractures.","volume":"49","author":"Nerlich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Homo."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"p. 98","article-title":"Inscribed in the body, written on the bones: the consequences of social violence at La Plata.","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest."},{"key":"B25","author":"Smith","year":"1924","journal-title":"Egyptian Mummies."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"p. 3","article-title":"The history of fracture treatment.","author":"Colton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Skeletal Trauma."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199609)6:4<326::AID-OA275>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Possible evidence for homicide in an Egyptian mummy head.","volume":"6","author":"Parsche","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200101000-00039","article-title":"Diseases of the spine in South American mummies.","volume":"48","author":"Gerszten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"573","article-title":"A child and his fate: tuberculosis, perimortem trauma and mummification.","author":"de Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Mummy Studies"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002053","article-title":"A pre-Hispanic head.","volume":"3","author":"Bianucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"p. 1","author":"Herrmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"S\u00fcdamerikanische Mumien aus vorspanischer Zeit: Eine Radiologische Untersuchung."},{"key":"B32","author":"Watson Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Los Fardos de Anc\u00f3n-Per\u00fa. Una Perspectiva Bioarqueol\u00f3gica de los Cambios Sociales en la Costa Central del Per\u00fa, BAR International Series S2957."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.10.002","article-title":"Consequences of conquest? The analysis and interpretation of subadult trauma at Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru.","volume":"39","author":"Gaither","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2019.09.004","article-title":"Patterns of trauma across Andean South America: new discoveries and advances in interpretation.","volume":"29","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Paleopathol."},{"key":"B35","author":"Reiss","year":"1887","journal-title":"The Necropolis of Anc\u00f3n. (Keane, A. Translation)."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_192_16","article-title":"Management of sub-axial cervical spine injuries.","volume":"51","author":"Zaveri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop."},{"key":"B37","first-page":"369","article-title":"Vertebral artery injury in a patient with fractures C4 vertebra.","volume":"53","author":"Bani\u00e6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2016-012671","article-title":"Temporary vertebral artery occlusion after C3 fracture dislocation injury and spontaneous resolution following reduction and instrumented fusion: case report and literature review.","volume":"9","author":"Yaeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.962793\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:23:32Z","timestamp":1662697412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.962793\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.962793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.962793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"article-number":"962793"}}