{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:52:59Z","timestamp":1784231579144,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intraocular malignant tumors including primary and metastatic tumors, are mainly found in Retina and uvea, and very few cases originate from the sclera and optic nerve. Intraocular tumors can endanger the patient's vision and even life, and proper treatment is vital. There have been several traditional treatments for intraocular tumors, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. In recent years, new methods have been developed in clinical applications including anti-VEGF and gene therapy. This paper aims to provide a timely review about recent progress in the treatment of intraocular malignant tumor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.975565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T13:49:02Z","timestamp":1666100942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Advances in the treatment of intraocular malignancies: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanzhen","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e3182010f29","article-title":"Current update on retinoblastoma","volume":"51","author":"Houston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.252","article-title":"Ocular metastases","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.249","article-title":"Effects of radiotherapy on uveal melanomas and adjacent tissues","volume":"27","author":"Groenewald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.241","article-title":"Radiotherapy for ocular tumours","volume":"27","author":"Stannard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2009.07.005","article-title":"Ion beam radiobiology and cancer: time to update ourselves","volume":"1796","author":"Fokas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2016.07.06","article-title":"Proton therapy for the management of uveal melanoma and other ocular tumors","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2013.06.014","article-title":"Proton beam radiotherapy of uveal melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Damato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-010905","article-title":"Radiation dose reduction in intra-arterial chemotherapy infusion for intraocular retinoblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Cooke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurointervent Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00134-2","article-title":"External beam radiotherapy of choroidal metastases\u2013final results of a prospective study of the German Cancer Society (ARO 95-08)","volume":"64","author":"Wiegel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.5.609","article-title":"Radiation retinopathy following plaque radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma","volume":"117","author":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00445-0","article-title":"Radiation complications and tumor control after plaque radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma with macular involvement","volume":"127","author":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060060049030","article-title":"Selection of iodine 125 for the collaborative ocular melanoma study","volume":"105","author":"Earle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605765","article-title":"Does ocular treatment of uveal melanoma influence survival?","volume":"103","author":"Damato","year":"2010","journal-title":"British J Cancer."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011714","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4855855","article-title":"Monte Carlo study for designing a dedicated \u201cD\u201d-shaped collimator used in the external beam radiotherapy of retinoblastoma patients","volume":"41","author":"Mayorga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150205010","article-title":"Plaque radiotherapy for the management of uveal metastasis","volume":"115","author":"Shields","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.04.11","article-title":"Elevated VEGF-A & PLGF concentration in aqueous humor of patients with uveal melanoma following Iodine-125 plaque radiotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000468","article-title":"Plaque brachytherapy for posterior uveal melanoma in 2018: improved techniques and expanded indications","volume":"29","author":"Reichstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.157701","article-title":"Ruthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy for thick posterior uveal melanomas","volume":"93","author":"Kaiserman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399810666140402123026","article-title":"Laser treatment for diabetic macular edema in the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Romero-Aroca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.119424","article-title":"Conservative treatment modalities in retinoblastoma","volume":"61","author":"Chawla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90400-1","article-title":"Transpupillary thermotherapy of occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"106","author":"Reichel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199414040-00004","article-title":"The expanding role of laser photocoagulation for intraocular tumors. The 1993 H. Christian Zweng Memorial Lecture","volume":"14","author":"Shields","year":"1994","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19950901-12","article-title":"Treatment of retinoblastoma with indirect ophthalmoscope laser photocoagulation","volume":"32","author":"Shields","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.258","article-title":"Ocular phototherapy","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.7.885","article-title":"Thermotherapy for retinoblastoma","volume":"117","author":"Shields","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"132","article-title":"Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for intraocular metastases in choroid","volume":"113","author":"Romanowska-Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Klin Oczna."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01327.x","article-title":"Long-term outcome of transpupillary thermotherapy as primary treatment of selected choroidal melanoma","volume":"87","author":"Parrozzani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy - mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v15i4.7793","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Ocular Oncology","volume":"15","author":"Blasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthal Vision Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S28863","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options for uveal melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.134699","article-title":"Dramatic regression of presumed acquired retinal astrocytoma with photodynamic therapy","volume":"21","author":"Tuncer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle East African J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702266","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for solitary retinal metastasis from breast carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Rundle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010017","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in ocular oncology","volume":"6","author":"Blasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002169","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy as primary treatment for small choroidal melanoma","volume":"39","author":"Turkoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.10.009","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for choroidal metastasis tumor control and visual outcomes in 58 cases: the 2019 burnier international ocular pathology society lecture","volume":"4","author":"Shields","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.1.84","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy using verteporfin in circumscribed choroidal haemangioma","volume":"87","author":"Jurklies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01059-X","article-title":"Benefits and complications of photodynamic therapy of papillary capillary hemangiomas","volume":"109","author":"Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95030","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21847","article-title":"Failure of ocular photodynamic therapy for secondary choroidal metastasis: a case report and literature review","volume":"8","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31814fb7ea","article-title":"The addition of ifosfamide\/etoposide to cisplatin\/teniposide improves the survival of children with retinoblastoma and orbital involvement","volume":"29","author":"Antoneli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol\/Oncol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.1.80","article-title":"Retinoblastoma treated with primary chemotherapy alone: the significance of tumour size, location, and age","volume":"86","author":"Gombos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.042","article-title":"Macular retinoblastoma: evaluation of tumor control, local complications, and visual outcomes for eyes treated with chemotherapy and repetitive foveal laser ablation","volume":"114","author":"Schefler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.04.032","article-title":"Chemoreduction for retinoblastoma. Analysis of tumor control and risks for recurrence in 457 tumors","volume":"138","author":"Shields","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01348-X","article-title":"Chemoreduction plus focal therapy for retinoblastoma: factors predictive of need for treatment with external beam radiotherapy or enucleation","volume":"133","author":"Shields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140539004","article-title":"Results of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced intraocular retinoblastoma","volume":"114","author":"Kingston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481602300203","article-title":"Therapeutic Options for Retinoblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Mendoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Control."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.6.254","article-title":"Combined chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy of retinoblastoma","volume":"56","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0106","article-title":"The Interdisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment of Intraocular Tumors","volume":"115","author":"Bornfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000172","article-title":"Unilateral Retinoblastoma Managed With Intravenous Chemotherapy Versus Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy. Outcomes Based on the International Classification of Retinoblastoma Asia-Pacific","volume":"5","author":"Shields","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.99731","article-title":"Current therapy and recent advances in the management of retinoblastoma","volume":"33","author":"Meel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11941.1","article-title":"Recent advancements in the management of retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Schefler","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.027","article-title":"In vivo intraocular distribution and safety of periocular nanoparticle carboplatin for treatment of advanced retinoblastoma in humans","volume":"157","author":"Kalita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-1839(04)70022-6","article-title":"Treatment options for choroidal malignant melanoma: a case report featuring transpupillary thermotherapy","volume":"75","author":"Riley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Optometry."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20030701-05","article-title":"Trends in the management of retinoblastoma: evaluation of 1,196 consecutive eyes during 1974 to 2001","volume":"40","author":"Epstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199303330-00015","article-title":"Cryotherapy for retinoblastoma","volume":"33","author":"Shields","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(89)90116-5","article-title":"The role of cryotherapy in the management of retinoblastoma","volume":"108","author":"Shields","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3627","article-title":"targets the tumour cell","volume":"13","author":"Goel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.12.014","article-title":"The role of VEGF pathways in human physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis","volume":"159","author":"Lyons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.1.4","article-title":"What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent?","volume":"82","author":"Folkman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nat Cancer Instit."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.10.1428","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor a in eyes with uveal melanoma","volume":"124","author":"Missotten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860600965020","article-title":"Serum VEGF-C is associated with metastatic site in patients with malignant melanoma","volume":"46","author":"Vihinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.671.65.3","article-title":"Pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of bevacizumab as monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic therapy in preclinical studies","volume":"65","author":"Gerber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032691","article-title":"Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"350","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072113","article-title":"Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for metastatic breast cancer","volume":"357","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England J Med."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"649","article-title":"The proliferation of malignant melanoma cells could be inhibited by ranibizumab via antagonizing VEGF through VEGFR1","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702647","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for choroidal metastasis secondary to breast carcinoma: short-term follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Amselem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31806e6042","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment for radiation macular edema after plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Mason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.21","article-title":"Failure of intravitreal bevacizumab in the treatment of choroidal metastasis","volume":"29","author":"Maudgil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.257","article-title":"The effect of intravitreal bevacizumab treatment on choroidal metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma\u2013case report","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4755","article-title":"Bevacizumab suppression of establishment of micrometastases in experimental ocular melanoma","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000635","article-title":"Neoadjuvant intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in high-risk ocular melanoma patients: a two-stage single-centre phase II single-arm study","volume":"30","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000959","article-title":"Use of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of secondary glaucoma caused by metastatic iris tumor","volume":"27","author":"Aydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2017.01.009","article-title":"Ciliary body metastasis from renal cell carcinoma successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.96","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab in the successful management of choroidal metastases secondary to lung and breast cancer unresponsive to systemic therapy: a case series","volume":"28","author":"Fenicia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2014.06.008","article-title":"Treatment of ocular metastasis with anti-VEGF: a literature review and case report","volume":"49","author":"Augustine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2013.e5","article-title":"Progression of choroidal metastasis of ovarian serous cystoadenocarcinoma after intravitreal bevacizumab treatment","volume":"5","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr0320126124","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.03.2012.6124","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab for consecutive multiple choroidal breast metastatic lesions","volume":"2012","author":"Mansour","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000339624","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization due to choroidal osteoma","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01684.x","article-title":"Regression of choroidal metastasis secondary to breast carcinoma with adjuvant intravitreal injection of bevacizumab","volume":"88","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B79","first-page":"265","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal metastasis of lung carcinoma; a case report","volume":"5","author":"de la Barquera Cordero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201202287","article-title":"Gene therapy on the move","volume":"5","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70173-6","article-title":"Is cancer gene therapy an empty suit?","volume":"14","author":"Brenner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2013.064","article-title":"Gene therapy for rare diseases: summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop, September 13, 2012","volume":"24","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Gene Ther."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.12.014","article-title":"A molecular revolution in uveal melanoma: implications for patient care and targeted therapy","volume":"121","author":"Harbour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000875","article-title":"MicroRNA-145 suppresses uveal melanoma angiogenesis and growth by targeting neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog and vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.975565\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T13:49:07Z","timestamp":1666100947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.975565\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2022.975565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.975565","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"article-number":"975565"}}