{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:00:31Z","timestamp":1753891231668,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the reference range of corneal indices in Down syndrome patients with normal corneas (DS-N) and to compare it with the corneal indices in Down syndrome patients with keratoconic corneas (DS-KC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A study was conducted using the data of 154 eyes of 154 DS-N and 25 eyes of 25 DS-KC patients. Eighteen indices related to thickness, anterior chamber, keratometry, elevation, and aberrations routinely used for KC diagnosis were extracted from the Pentacam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of the participants in DS-N and DS-KC groups was 16.73 \u00b1 4.70 and 16.56 \u00b1 4.22 years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.852). In the DS-N group, 95% CI were 511.65\u2013520.31 for minimum corneal thickness, 2.97\u20133.07 for anterior chamber depth (ACD), 46.83\u201347.37 for maximum keratometry (Kmax), 46.13\u201346.62 for zonal Kmax at 3 mm, 0.35\u20130.58 for inferior-superior asymmetry (I-S value), 1.56\u20131.88 for Belin\/Ambr\u00f3sio display-total deviation, 8.65\u201310.79 for best-fit-sphere posterior elevation at the thinnest point, and 0.18\u20130.22 for corneal vertical coma. The age-related change in I-S value and corneal spherical aberration (SA) was significant (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). There were significant inter-gender differences in 11 indices; the female DS patients had shallower, steeper, more elevated, and more aberrated corneas (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). There were significant differences in all indices except for ACD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.372) and corneal SA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.169) between DS-N and DS-KC groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In DS patients aged 10\u201330 years, the reference ranges of corneal indices are different from the range reported for non-DS subjects and are close to values reported for mild KC non-DS cases. The normal values are different between DS male and female; hence, sex-specific ranges should be considered for diagnosis of corneal abnormality in DS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.985928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T05:09:05Z","timestamp":1663304945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Corneal characteristics in Down syndrome patients with normal and keratoconic cornea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Data and Statistics on Down Syndrome"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-020-00725-4","article-title":"Jr, et al. 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