{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:25:24Z","timestamp":1783632324175,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011E3300300, 2012E3301100, 2013E3301600, 2013E3301601, 2013E3301602, 2016E3300200, 2016E3300201, 2016E3300202, 2019E320100, 2019E320101, 2019E320102, and 2022-11-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011E3300300, 2012E3301100, 2013E3301600, 2013E3301601, 2013E3301602, 2016E3300200, 2016E3300201, 2016E3300202, 2019E320100, 2019E320101, 2019E320102, and 2022-11-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI16C1127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI16C1127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some observational studies have suggested a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and CKD. However, in most studies, the causality between low levels of vitamin D and risk of renal events could not be explained. We investigated the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe CKD stage and renal event in a large-scale prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from a prospective cohort of 2,144 patients with available information on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels at baseline from KNOW-CKD, 2011-2015 were included. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D levels &amp;lt; 15 ng\/mL. We performed a cross-sectional analysis to elucidate the relationship between 25(OH)D and CKD stage using baseline CKD patient data. We further examined a cohort analysis to clarify the association between 25(OH)D and risk of renal event. Renal event was a composite of the first occurrence of a 50% decline in eGFR from the baseline value or the onset of CKD stage 5 (initiation of dialysis or kidney transplantation) across the follow-up period. We also investigated the associations of vitamin D deficiency with risk of renal event according to diabetes and overweight status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency were significantly associated with an increased risk of severe CKD stage \u2013 1.30-fold (95% CI: 1.10-1.69) for 25(OH)D. Deficiency of 25(OH)D with 1.64-fold (95% CI: 1.32-2.65) was related to renal event compared with the reference. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency patients with presence of DM and overweight status also displayed higher risk than non-deficient patients for risk of renal event.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with significantly increased risk of severe CKD stage and renal event.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1017459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1676549062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of renal event: Results from the Korean cohort study for outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (KNOW-CKD)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Juyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun 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