{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:18:48Z","timestamp":1787026728419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myopic tilted disc is a common structural change of myopic eyes. With advancing ocular imaging technology, the associated structural changes of the eye, particularly the optic nerve head, have been extensively studied. These structural changes may increase patients\u2019 susceptibility to axonal damage and the risk of developing serious optic neuropathies including glaucoma. They also lead to diagnostic difficulties of disease suspects and treatment dilemmas of patients, which implicate clinical practice and subsequently the health care system. In the context of the mounting prevalence of myopia worldwide and its implications to irreversible visual impairment and blindness, it is essential to gain a thorough understanding of the structural changes of myopia. Myopic tilted disc has been extensively investigated by different study groups. However, generalizing the knowledge could be difficult because of the variable definitions of myopic tilted disc utilized in these studies and the complexities of the changes. The current review aimed to clarify the concepts and discuss various aspects of myopic tilted disc, including the definitions, association with other myopia-related changes, mechanism of tilted disc development, structural and functional changes, and clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T03:18:51Z","timestamp":1675912731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Myopic tilted disc: Mechanism, clinical significance, and public health implication"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Poemen P.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia.","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom.","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050.","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.01.002","article-title":"Tilted optic disks.","volume":"55","author":"Witmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182182567","article-title":"Characteristics of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in eyes with myopic optic disc tilt and rotation.","volume":"21","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102355","article-title":"The impact of optic disk morphological characteristics on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in non-glaucomatous subjects with high myopia.","volume":"35","author":"Ilhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175749","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical optic disc rotation. The Beijing Eye Study.","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12380","article-title":"Variations of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness according to the torsion direction of optic disc.","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.018","article-title":"Characteristics of optic disc rotation in myopic eyes.","volume":"123","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15819","article-title":"Disc torsion and vertical disc tilt are related to subfoveal scleral thickness in open-angle glaucoma patients with myopia.","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186453","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186453","article-title":"Correlations between local peripapillary choroidal thickness and axial length, optic disc tilt, and papillo-macular position in young healthy eyes.","volume":"12","author":"Yamashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26393","article-title":"Impact of the morphologic characteristics of optic disc on choroidal thickness in young myopic patients.","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182883c29","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography study of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness in eyes with tilted optic disc.","volume":"24","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.01.033","article-title":"Association between optic nerve head deformation and retinal microvasculature in high myopia.","volume":"188","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9811","article-title":"Correlation between optic disc deformation and retinal vasculature in non-pathological high myopia.","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.5.26","article-title":"Ocular and hemodynamic factors contributing to the central visual function in glaucoma patients with myopia.","volume":"63","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58829-3","article-title":"Association between myopia and peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures in children.","volume":"10","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.09.003","article-title":"Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-like Structures (PHOMS) in Children: the copenhagen child cohort 2000 eye study.","volume":"245","author":"Behrens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10319","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer defects in highly myopic eyes with early glaucoma.","volume":"53","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21791","article-title":"The characteristics of deep optic nerve head morphology in myopic normal tension glaucoma.","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-320029","article-title":"Association of progressive optic disc tilt with development of retinal nerve fibre layer defect in children with large cup-to-disc ratio.","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6925","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17892","article-title":"Implications of optic disc tilt in the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001217","article-title":"Different disc characteristics associated with high myopia and the location of glaucomatous damage in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"28","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12327","article-title":"Torsion of the optic nerve head is a prominent feature of normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.08.076","article-title":"Optic disk ovality as an index of tilt and its relationship to myopia and perimetry.","volume":"139","author":"Tay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95984-7","article-title":"Predicting the development of normal tension glaucoma and related risk factors in normal tension glaucoma suspects.","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7894","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7712","article-title":"Correct calculation circle location of optical coherence tomography in measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in eyes with myopic tilted discs.","volume":"52","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307020","article-title":"Influence of disc-fovea angle and retinal blood vessels on interindividual variability of circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer.","volume":"100","author":"Resch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(02)01339-9","article-title":"Population prevalence of tilted optic disks and the relationship of this sign to refractive error.","volume":"133","author":"Vongphanit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.134","article-title":"Population prevalence of tilted and torted optic discs among an adult Chinese population in Singapore: the Tanjong Pagar Study.","volume":"127","author":"How","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.016","article-title":"Myopia-related fundus changes in Singapore adults with high myopia.","volume":"155","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16590","article-title":"Optic disc ovality in primary school children in Beijing.","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.040","article-title":"Myopia-related optic disc and retinal changes in adolescent children from singapore.","volume":"118","author":"Samarawickrama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20860","article-title":"Optic nerve tilt, crescent, ovality, and torsion in a multi-ethnic cohort of young adults with and without myopia.","volume":"58","author":"Marsh-Tootle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000578944.25956.8b","article-title":"Myopia: anatomic changes and consequences for its etiology.","volume":"8","author":"Jonas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000288","article-title":"High myopia and glaucoma-like optic neuropathy.","volume":"9","author":"Jonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047237","article-title":"Parapapillary atrophy: histological gamma zone and delta zone.","volume":"7","author":"Jonas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.202","article-title":"Analyses of shape of eyes and structure of optic nerves in eyes with tilted disc syndrome by swept-source optical coherence tomography and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"27","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115313","article-title":"Lamina cribrosa defects and optic disc morphology in primary open angle glaucoma with high myopia.","volume":"9","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.270","article-title":"Ocular characteristics associated with the location of focal lamina cribrosa defects in open-angle glaucoma patients.","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.256","article-title":"Posterior staphyloma is related to optic disc morphology and the location of visual field defect in normal tension glaucoma patients with myopia.","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0193-9","article-title":"Relationship between optic disc ovality and horizontal disc tilt in normal young subjects.","volume":"57","author":"Takasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.139113","article-title":"Corneal biomechanics, thickness and optic disc morphology in children with optic disc tilt.","volume":"92","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.1992.6.1.32","article-title":"Optic disc of the myopic eye: relationship between refractive errors and morphometric characteristics.","volume":"6","author":"Hyung","year":"1992","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7865","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12987","article-title":"Long-term changes in refractive error in children with myopic tilted optic disc compared to children without tilted optic disc.","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3301","article-title":"Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in high myopic eyes in a population-based setting.","volume":"50","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000395","article-title":"The optic nerve head in primary open-angle glaucoma eyes with high myopia: characteristics and association with visual field defects.","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17510","article-title":"Analysis of peripapillary geometric characters in high myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography.","volume":"57","author":"Asai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.20","article-title":"Characteristics of the optic nerve head in myopic eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography.","volume":"63","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05331-9","article-title":"The association of myopia progression with the morphological changes of optic disc and \u03b2-peripapillary atrophy in primary school students.","volume":"260","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241759","article-title":"Myopia progression varies with age and severity of myopia.","volume":"15","author":"Verkicharla","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.051","article-title":"Optic disc change with incipient myopia of childhood.","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000574","article-title":"Optic nerve head histopathology in high axial myopia.","volume":"26","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.026","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of optic nerve head and peripapillary structure during childhood myopia progression on OCT: boramae myopia cohort study report 1.","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138701","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138701","article-title":"Optic disc-fovea distance, axial length and parapapillary zones. the beijing eye study 2011.","volume":"10","author":"Jonas","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e856","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14405","article-title":"Histology of myopic posterior scleral staphylomas.","volume":"98","author":"Jonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.002","article-title":"Positional change of optic nerve head vasculature during axial elongation as evidence of lamina cribrosa shifting: boramae myopia cohort study report 2.","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06072-8","article-title":"The location of the deepest point of the eyeball determines the optic disc configuration.","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia.","volume":"42","author":"McBrien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16587","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300970200","article-title":"Collagen gene expression and the altered accumulation of scleral collagen during the development of high myopia.","volume":"278","author":"Gentle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8354","article-title":"Alterations in protein expression in tree shrew sclera during development of lens-induced myopia and recovery.","volume":"53","author":"Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90027-g","article-title":"The development of experimental myopia and ocular component dimensions in monocularly lid-sutured tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri).","volume":"32","author":"McBrien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00243-F","article-title":"Reduced extracellular matrix in mammalian sclera with induced myopia.","volume":"35","author":"Norton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0587","article-title":"Modulation of scleral DNA synthesis in development of and recovery from induced axial myopia in the tree shrew.","volume":"68","author":"Gentle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199906000-00022","article-title":"Optical correction of induced axial myopia in the tree shrew: implications for emmetropization.","volume":"76","author":"McBrien","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19242-z","article-title":"Three dimensional evaluation of posterior pole and optic nerve head in tilted disc.","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18718","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath as a novel mechanical load on the globe in ocular duction.","volume":"57","author":"Demer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305259","article-title":"The effect of myopic optic disc tilt on measurement of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography parameters.","volume":"99","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177247","article-title":"Structural parameters associated with location of peaks of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in young healthy eyes.","volume":"12","author":"Yamashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0585","article-title":"Heidelberg retinal tomography of optic disc and nerve fiber layer in singapore children: variations with disc tilt and refractive error.","volume":"48","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18263","article-title":"Parapapillary gamma zone and axial elongation-associated optic disc rotation: the Beijing eye study.","volume":"57","author":"Jonas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001179","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer protrusion associated with tilted optic discs.","volume":"95","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000814","article-title":"Topographic relationship between optic disc torsion and \u00df-zone peripapillary atrophy in the myopic eyes of young patients with glaucomatous-appearing visual field defects.","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3210-0","article-title":"Structural dissociation of optic disc margin components with optic disc tilting: a spectral domain optical coherence tomography study.","volume":"254","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15953","article-title":"Lamina cribrosa configuration in tilted optic discs with different tilt axes: a new hypothesis regarding optic disc tilt and torsion.","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000635","article-title":"Relationship Between Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Surface Tilt and Glaucoma Development in Myopic Eyes.","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.08.040","article-title":"Intrapapillary hemorrhage with adjacent peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage.","volume":"111","author":"Kokame","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(95)31018-4","article-title":"Intrapapillary and peripapillary hemorrhage in young patients with incomplete posterior vitreous detachment. Signs of vitreopapillary traction.","volume":"102","author":"Katz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900532","article-title":"T-shaped pigmentary changes in tilted disk syndrome.","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318183589c","article-title":"Macular complications on the border of an inferior staphyloma associated with tilted disc syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318263ceb4","article-title":"Submacular choroidal neovascularization at the margin of staphyloma in tilted disk syndrome.","volume":"33","author":"Furuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182831364","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography analysis of macular changes in tilted disk syndrome.","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101020","article-title":"Tilted disc syndrome (TDS): New hypotheses for posterior segment complications and their implications in other retinal diseases.","volume":"88","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2020.05.013","article-title":"Factors associated with serous retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes with inferior posterior staphyloma.","volume":"95","author":"Garcia-Ben","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200210000-00025","article-title":"Subretinal leakage in myopic eyes with a posterior staphyloma or tilted disk syndrome.","volume":"22","author":"Leys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Retina."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000336910","article-title":"Pathology associated with optical coherence tomography macular bending due to either dome-shaped macula or inferior staphyloma in myopic patients.","volume":"228","author":"Coco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161961","article-title":"Association of myopic optic disc deformation with visual field defects in paired eyes with open-angle glaucoma: a cross-sectional Study.","volume":"11","author":"Sawada","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12511","article-title":"Visual field assessment in high myopia with and without tilted optic disc.","volume":"100","author":"Shoeibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.003","article-title":"Association of optic disc tilt and torsion with open-angle glaucoma progression risk: meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis.","volume":"232","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14663","article-title":"Optic disc tilt direction determines the location of initial glaucomatous damage.","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1056","article-title":"Optic disc characteristics in patients with glaucoma and combined superior and inferior retinal nerve fiber layer defects.","volume":"132","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38960-6","article-title":"Vertical disc tilt and features of the optic nerve head anatomy are related to visual field defect in myopic eyes.","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001182","article-title":"The effects of optic nerve head tilt on visual field defects in myopic normal tension glaucoma: the intereye comparison study.","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3501-0","article-title":"Optic disc tilt direction affects regional visual field progression rates in myopic eyes with open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"254","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209755","article-title":"The relationship between optic nerve head deformation and visual field defects in myopic eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"13","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213714","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213714","article-title":"Posterior scleral deformations around optic disc are associated with visual field damage in open-angle glaucoma patients with myopia.","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.006","article-title":"Optic disc torsion direction predicts the location of glaucomatous damage in normal-tension glaucoma patients with myopia.","volume":"119","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000565","article-title":"Optic disc characteristics and visual field progression in normal tension glaucoma patients with tilted optic discs.","volume":"25","author":"Kwun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.026","article-title":"Pre-perimetric open angle glaucoma with young age of onset: natural clinical course and risk factors for progression.","volume":"216","author":"Bak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.08.023","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma with myopia without glaucoma medications.","volume":"209","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-017-0508-y","article-title":"Influence of intraocular pressure reduction on progression of normal-tension glaucoma with myopic tilted disc and associated risk factors.","volume":"61","author":"Seol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26794","article-title":"Impact of posterior sclera on glaucoma progression in treated myopic normal-tension glaucoma using reconstructed optical coherence tomographic images.","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309914","article-title":"Myopic glaucomatous eyes with or without optic disc shape alteration: a longitudinal study.","volume":"101","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25839","article-title":"Optic disc tilt and glaucoma progression in myopic glaucoma: a longitudinal match-pair case-control study.","volume":"60","author":"Seol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0170733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170733","article-title":"Association of myopic deformation of optic disc with visual field progression in paired eyes with open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"12","author":"Sawada","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001391","article-title":"Long-term follow-up on glaucoma patients with initial single-hemifield defect: progression patterns and associated factors.","volume":"28","author":"Baek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.040","article-title":"Optic disc rotation as a clue for predicting visual field progression in myopic normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"123","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6265","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22534","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in myopic glaucoma: impact of optic disc morphology.","volume":"58","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.005","article-title":"Visual field progression pattern associated with optic disc tilt morphology in myopic open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"169","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.03.018","article-title":"Focal lamina cribrosa defect in myopic eyes with nonprogressive glaucomatous visual field defect.","volume":"190","author":"Sawada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.04.027","article-title":"Multiple temporal lamina cribrosa defects in myopic eyes with glaucoma and their association with visual field defects.","volume":"124","author":"Sawada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.15","article-title":"So-Called Lamina Cribrosa Defects May Mitigate IOP-Induced Neural Tissue Insult.","volume":"61","author":"Voorhees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.041","article-title":"Association of scleral deformation around the optic nerve head with central visual function in normal-tension glaucoma and myopia.","volume":"217","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90416-5","article-title":"The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.","volume":"106","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(02)01260-5","article-title":"Refractive errors, intraocular pressure, and glaucoma in a white population.","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.125","article-title":"Refractive error, axial dimensions, and primary open-angle glaucoma: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.","volume":"128","author":"Perera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.012","article-title":"Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"118","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.11.014","article-title":"Optic disc torsion presenting as unilateral glaucomatous-appearing visual field defect in young myopic Korean eyes.","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318674","article-title":"Visual field defects and myopic macular degeneration in Singapore adults with high myopia.","volume":"106","author":"Lanca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00497-8","article-title":"Automated static perimetry: the influence of myopia and its method of correction.","volume":"108","author":"Aung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20051101-10","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber analysis and tomography of the optic disc in eyes with tilted disc syndrome.","volume":"36","author":"G\u00fcrl\u00fc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.340","article-title":"Characterization of retinal nerve fiber layer in nonglaucomatous eyes with tilted discs.","volume":"128","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318193c2be","article-title":"Myopia affects retinal nerve fiber layer measurements as determined by optical coherence tomography.","volume":"18","author":"Rauscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002067","article-title":"Effect of optic disc tilt on the measurement of peripapillary vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography.","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001328","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic power of optic nerve head and posterior sclera configuration parameters on myopic normal tension glaucoma.","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.2860","article-title":"Novel screening method for glaucomatous eyes with myopic tilted discs: the crescent moon sign.","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.2343","article-title":"Evaluation of a myopic normative database for analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.","volume":"134","author":"Biswas","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.09.010","article-title":"Assessment of optical coherence tomography color probability codes in myopic glaucoma eyes after applying a myopic normative database.","volume":"183","author":"Seol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3026-y","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity for detecting early glaucoma in eyes with high myopia from normative database of macular ganglion cell complex thickness obtained from normal non-myopic or highly myopic Asian eyes.","volume":"253","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(98)00223-2","article-title":"Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures.","volume":"126","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(98)00272-4","article-title":"The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"126","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11549","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of treating normal tension glaucoma.","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00518-2","article-title":"Natural history of normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"108","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.06.042","article-title":"Natural history of open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"116","author":"Heijl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.12.033","article-title":"Influence of the extent of myopia on the progression of normal-tension glaucoma.","volume":"149","author":"Sohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.036","article-title":"Nonprogressive glaucomatous cupping and visual field abnormalities in young Chinese males.","volume":"114","author":"Doshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16002","article-title":"Effect of myopia on the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma.","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3500","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003500","article-title":"Impact of age and myopia on the rate of visual field progression in glaucoma patients.","volume":"95","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000334033","article-title":"Long-term structural and functional outcomes of therapy in juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma: a five-year follow-up.","volume":"228","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.12.011","article-title":"Two-Year Clinical Trial of the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: Phase 2 Report.","volume":"127","author":"Yam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029","article-title":"Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control.","volume":"126","author":"Yam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.002","article-title":"Three-year clinical trial of Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: continued versus washout: phase 3 report.","volume":"129","author":"Yam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T03:19:19Z","timestamp":1675912759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1094937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"article-number":"1094937"}}