{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:58:33Z","timestamp":1792166313165,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhalational methanol poisoning could cause severe damage to visual function. This study analyzed the prognosis of the correlation between the visual function and the relevant risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective study, 14 patients had confirmed inhalational methanol poisoning, resulting in visual impairment in both eyes. The following tests were performed: laboratory tests, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, slit lamp, fundus photography, visual field (VF), pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP), flash electroretinogram (F-ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and orbital or cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With active treatment, visual function improved to varying degrees in all 14 cases (28 eyes) in this study. The BCVA of 21 eyes declined to no light perception at the onset; 16 eyes showed different degrees of improvement after treatment, with the final BCVA (LogMar) mainly ranging from 2 to 3, and vision acuity stabilized after the 5th month. The VF pattern in the acute phase was mostly blind. Other VF patterns included the central visual island, large paracentral scotomas, hemipleural VF defects, and the temporal visual island. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickening was observed commonly in the acute phase (146.8\u2009\u00b1\u200933.2\u2009\u03bcm), which subsided in the 1st month, showed dramatic thinning at the 3rd month, and then stabilized in the 5th month after onset. MRI showed that the main sites involved were optic nerve impairment, the optic disk, and retrobulbar segments. The basal ganglia region was the site most involved in the central nervous system (CNS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhalational methanol poisoning could lead to severe impairment of visual function, and the prognosis of visual acuity (VA) was highly relevant to the risk factors of duration of toxic exposure, delayed admission, and degree of acidosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1098138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1679494772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Factors affecting the severity and prognosis of visual damage in inhalational methanol poisoning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu Xueying","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanwen","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Methanol, the new name for wood alcohol","volume":"13","year":"1923","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1081\/clt-120006745","article-title":"American Academy of clinical toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning","volume":"40","author":"Barceloux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1127-9","article-title":"Clinical analysis of severe visual loss caused by inhalational methanol poisoning in a chronic process with acute onset: a retrospective clinical analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.1463","article-title":"Methanol poisoning predictors of visual outcomes","volume":"131","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.02.37","article-title":"Ophthalmic findings in two cases of methanol optic neuropathy with relapsed vision disturbance","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1086488","article-title":"Long-term visual damage after acute methanol poisonings: longitudinal cross-sectional study in 50 patients","volume":"53","author":"Zakharov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.556642","article-title":"Outcomes of visual disturbances after methanol poisoning","volume":"49","author":"Sanaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035584","article-title":"Clinical and genetic determinants of varicose veins","volume":"138","author":"Fukaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-015-1580-y","article-title":"Prevalence, dynamics, and biochemical predictors of optic nerve remyelination after methanol-induced acute optic neuropathy: a two-year prospective study in 54 patients","volume":"147","author":"Nurieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Monatsh Chem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00452","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials in patients after methanol poisoning","volume":"29","author":"Urban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1532083","article-title":"Clinical and genetic determinants of chronic visual pathway changes after methanol - induced optic neuropathy: four-year follow-up study","volume":"57","author":"Nurieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.26.5.1114","article-title":"Methanol poisoning: characteristic MRI findings","volume":"33","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"737","article-title":"Imaging findings after methanol intoxication (cohort of 46 patients)","volume":"36","author":"Vaneckova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100258","article-title":"Chronic methanol toxicity through topical and inhalational routes presenting as vision loss and restricted diffusion of the optic nerves on MRI: a case report and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Mojica","year":"2020","journal-title":"eNeurological Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1098138\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T11:27:59Z","timestamp":1679657279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1098138\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2023.1098138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1098138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"article-number":"1098138"}}