{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:01:06Z","timestamp":1793196066051,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years vitamin D has been in the spotlight of many researchers for its possible role in various disorders, including autoimmune and infectious diseases. Even if vitamin D deficiency remains a major public health problem, its symptomatic manifestations are less and less common in clinical practice, and pediatric age represents a \u201cgray area\u201d where vitamin D supplementation is often administered in the absence of an effective evaluation of its status. Moreover, a poor knowledge about different definitions of \u201cdeficiency,\u201d \u201cinsufficiency,\u201d and similar terms is spread among clinicians, while guidelines are not univocal, especially after the first year of life. The aim of this brief opinion paper is to sum up recent evidence about vitamin D status and its supplementation in pediatrics, in order to better clarify a common definition of its deficiency. The aim of this opinion article is to raise awareness on this topic among clinicians and encourage a discussion on the real need for routine 25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum evaluation and its supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1107855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T05:00:40Z","timestamp":1678942840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Vitamin D in pediatric age: Current evidence, recommendations, and misunderstandings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Corsello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia C. I.","family":"Spolidoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85783-0","article-title":"Studies on experimental rickets: XXI an experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition","volume":"53","author":"McCollum","year":"1922","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010145","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health","volume":"20","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00248","article-title":"Vitamin D: a critical and essential micronutrient for human health","volume":"5","author":"Bendik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","article-title":"Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1430","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers","volume":"20","author":"Constantini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4065\/81.3.353","article-title":"High prevalence of Vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health","volume":"81","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"138","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","author":"Palacios","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000223685","article-title":"Physiology of calcium, phosphate and magnesium","volume":"16","author":"Allgrove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2018.037","article-title":"Role of magnesium in Vitamin D activation and function","volume":"118","author":"Uwitonze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000538","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation in Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000381000","article-title":"A practical approach to Vitamin D deficiency and rickets","volume":"28","author":"Allgrove","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0383-y","article-title":"Nutritional rickets and Osteomalacia in the twenty-first century: revised concepts, public health, and prevention strategies","volume":"15","author":"Uday","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"106","article-title":"Cod and the consumptive: a brief history of cod-liver oil in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"46","author":"Grad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm Hist"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2019.04.021","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates human macrophage response to mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA","volume":"116","author":"Cervantes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00697","article-title":"Vitamin D in autoimmunity: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"7","author":"Dankers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0590-9","article-title":"Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity","volume":"88","author":"Kamen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9405-9","article-title":"Does vitamin D play a role in autoimmune endocrine disorders? 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