{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:57:42Z","timestamp":1791230262051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream, a complicated and potentially dangerous systemic medical condition that may range from asymptomatic and clinically relatively indolent cases to more severe bloodstream infection (BSI) and ultimately life-threatening septic shock with fatal outcome. BSI is classified as simple (bacteremia only) or complex (BSI with metastatic spread), and the morbidity is higher in the latter, probably due to insufficient eradication. Treatment of simple BSI is usually short-term antibiotic courses, whereas complex BSI with metastatic foci requires more advanced treatment including long-term antibiotics or invasive drainage to gain infection control. Thus, identifying metastatic infection has an important clinical impact but remains a challenge; only half of the patients progress to complex BSI, and many patients present without relevant signs or symptoms, so imaging is pivotal. This review summarizes the potential role and recommendations of [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET\/CT in BSI, based on the relatively sparse and heterogeneous literature. [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET\/CT should be considered in suspected complex BSI, in patients at high risk of metastatic spread, and in BSI in ICU patients. [<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F]FDG-PET\/CT has an impact on patient management, treatment strategy, and patient outcome, mainly by directing the diagnostic process toward more specific diagnostics or by modifying treatment regimens resulting in reduced relapse rates and reduced mortality. Finally, a negative scan may obviate the need for further workup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T04:54:13Z","timestamp":1680065653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["[18F]FDG-PET\/CT in patients with bacteremia: Clinical impact on patient management and outcome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-139","article-title":"Blood culture status and mortality among patients with suspected community-acquired bacteremia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"S\u00f8gaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03557-x","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT in intensive care patients with bloodstream infection","volume":"25","author":"Pijl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.191981","article-title":"(18)F-FDG PET\/CT optimizes treatment in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and is associated with reduced mortality","volume":"58","author":"Berrevoets","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.221929","article-title":"(18)F-FDG PET\/CT-guided treatment duration in patients with high-risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a proof of principle","volume":"60","author":"Berrevoets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.072371","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT for detection of metastatic infection in gram-positive bacteremia","volume":"51","author":"Vos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.015","article-title":"Gram-negative bloodstream infections","volume":"32","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3650-3","article-title":"Focus of infection and microbiological etiology in community-acquired infections in hospitalized adult patients in the Faroe Islands","volume":"19","author":"Todorovic Markovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-14","article-title":"Population-based epidemiology and microbiology of community-onset bloodstream infections","volume":"27","author":"Laupland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia of unknown primary source: where do we stand?","volume":"32","author":"Saginur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S246","DOI":"10.1086\/598187","article-title":"Patients at risk of complications of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection","volume":"48","author":"del Rio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.006","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia with known sources","volume":"32","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.10.004","article-title":"Diagnostic value of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography for evaluating patients with septic shock of unknown origin","volume":"27","author":"Kluge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.017","article-title":"Bloodstream infections in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia","volume":"32","author":"Feld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04289-5","article-title":"Clinical value of FDG-PET\/CT in bacteremia of unknown origin with catalase-negative gram-positive cocci or Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"46","author":"Br\u00f8ndserud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01740-4","article-title":"Individualizing the use of [(18)F]FDG-PET\/CT in patients with complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experiences from a tertiary care center","volume":"50","author":"van Leerdam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.08.003","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels can predict positive (18)F-FDG PET\/CT findings that lead to management changes in patients with bacteremia","volume":"51","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.04.016","article-title":"Mortality in patients with high risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia undergoing or not PET-CT: a single center experience","volume":"25","author":"Yildiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3859","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa929","article-title":"Integration of FDG-PET\/CT in the diagnostic workup for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective interventional matched-cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Ghanem-Zoubi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab156","article-title":"Intravenous to oral switch in complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without endovascular infection: a retrospective single-center cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Kouijzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.221929","article-title":"F-FDG-PET\/CT-guided treatment duration in patients with high-risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a proof of principle","volume":"60","author":"Berrevoets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07273-x","article-title":"[18F]FDG-PET\/CT in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Buis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac363","article-title":"Evidence of clinical impact supports a new petition for Medicare coverage of 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography in the evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a focused literature review and call to action","volume":"75","author":"Thottacherry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157692\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T04:54:15Z","timestamp":1680065655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157692\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1157692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"article-number":"1157692"}}